Digital Library/Psychopharmacology – 4th Generation of Progress
Adapted from the Preface of the Psychopharmacology: the Fourth Generation of Progress, published in 1995.
“This volume, Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress, seeks to redefine the scientific field of neuropsychopharmacology for its parent organization, The American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. The field’s definition has been constructed from the two interrelated bodies of work that comprise the major working arms of the College: the clinical investigation of psychiatry and neurological disorders in terms of their biologically defined mechanisms of pathogenesis, treatment and prevention; and the preclinical foundations of neuropsychopharmacology in terms of the essential signaling mechanisms by which neurons interact to perform the behavioral level operations of the brain and mental activity. In these parallel tracks of effort, drugs are a tool to dissect the chemical signaling systems of the brain, as well as a means to restore functions disrupted by brain diseases. The better the characterization of the clinical signaling systems, the more insightful will be the analyses of the drugs in their therapeutic assessment.
A slight departure of this book from its predecessor volume is the attempt to provide a more comprehensive overview of the clinical and preclinical arms of the field. Here the approach is designed first to provide new scholars with overviews of preclinical and clinical psychopharmacology, and then more detailed coverage to understand the methods by which data in each of these arms are assessed in research. The introductory sections provide a basis for the detailed coverage of the enormous amounts of progress that have been achieved since the previous volume. Finally, the coverage builds upon these foundations with assessments of the most recent cross-cutting issues. There is internationally extensive cross-referencing between clinical and preclinical subjects. The text is designed to allow experts in both spheres to find the latest assessments of progress, while also permitting the less experienced readers to increase their appreciation of the work underway.
By providing a road map to the linkages between the major topics of today’s research, the editors and authors hope to illuminate critically the most exciting discoveries, as well as to indicate the important gaps that need attention, while allowing room for the unexpected discoveries that will almost certainly emerge.”
Floyd E. Bloom, MD
David J. Kupfer, MD
Raven Press, New York, New York, 1995
Part I. Preclinical Section
Critical Analysis of Methods
Basic Concepts and Techniques of Molecular Genetics
Samuel H. Barondes
Cytology and Circuitry
Stanley J. Watson, Jr. and William E. Cullinan
A Critical Analysis of Neurochemical Methods for Monitoring Transmitter Dynamics in the Brain
Janet M. Finlay and Gwenn S. Smith
Electrophysiology
Gary S. Aston-Jones and George R. Siggins
Behavioral Techniques in Preclinical Neuropsychopharmacology Research
James E. Barrett and Klaus A. Miczek
Transmitter Systems
Amino Acids
Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotransmission
Carl W. Cotman, Jennifer S. Kahle, Stephan E. Miller, Jolanta Ulas, and Richard J. Bridges
GABA and Glycine
Steven M. Paul
Acetylcholine
Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Novel Targets for CNS Therapeutics: Michael W. Decker, James P. Sullivan, Stephen P. Arneric, and Michael Williams
Molecular Biology, Pharmacology, and Brain Distribution of Subtypes of the Muscarinic Receptor
Frederick J. Ehlert, William R. Roeske, and Henry I. Yamamura
Cholinergic Transduction
Elliott Richelson
Structure and Function of Cholinergic Pathways in the Cerebral Cortex, Limbic System, Basal Ganglia, and Thalamus of the Human Brain
Marek-Marsel Mesulam
Functional Heterogeneity of Central Cholinergic Systems
Peter B. Reiner and H. Christian Fibiger
Amines
Molecular Biology of the Dopamine Receptor Subtypes
Olivier Civelli
Electrophysiological Properties of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons
Anthony A. Grace and Benjamin S. Bunney
The Dopamine Transporter: Potential Involvement in Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Michael J. Bannon, Paola Sacchetti and James G. Granneman
Long-and Short-Term Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase
Menek Goldstein
Colocalization in Dopamine Neurons
Ariel Y. Deutch and Andrew J. Bean
Dopamine Receptor Expression in the Central Nervous System
Alfred Mansour and Stanley J. Watson, Jr.
Dopamine Autoreceptor Signal Transduction and Regulation
Louis A. Chiodo, Arthur S. Freeman, and Benjamin S. Bunney
Biochemical Pharmacology of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons
Robert H. Roth and John D. Elsworth
Dopaminergic Neuronal Systems in the Hypothalamus
Kenneth E. Moore and Keith J. Lookingland
Electron Microscopy of Central Dopamine Systems
Virginia M. Pickel and Susan R. Sesack
Development of Mesencephalic Dopamine Neurons in the Nonhuman Primate
John R. Sladek, Jr., Barbara Blanchard, T. J. Collier, John D. Elsworth, Jane R. Taylor, Robert H. Roth, and D. Eugene Redmond, Jr.
Mesocorticolimbic Dopaminergic Neurons
Functional and Regulatory Roles
Dopamine Receptor Transcript Localization in Human Brain
James H. Meador-Woodruff
Dopamine Receptors: Clinical Correlates
Philip Seeman
Signal Transduction Pathways for Catecholamine Receptors
Ronald S. Duman and Eric J. Nestler
Norepinephrine and Serotonin Transporters
Eric L. Barker and Randy D. Blakely
Pharmacology and Physiology of Central Noradrenergic Systems
Stephen L. Foote and Gary S. Aston-Jones
Coexisting Neurotransmitters in Central Noradrenergic Neurons
Philip V. Holmes and Jacqueline N. Crawley
Modification of Central Catecholaminergic Systems by Stress and Injury
Functional Significance and Clinical Implications
Central Norepinephrine Neurons and Behavior
Trevor W. Robbins and Barry J. Everitt
The Noradrenergic Receptor Subtypes
Magdalena Wozniak, Nicole L. Schramm and Lee E. Limbird
Physiological and Anatomical Determinants of Locus Coeruleus Discharge:
Rita J. Valentino and Gary S. Aston-Jones
Noradrenergic Neural Substrates for Anxiety and Fear: Clinical Associations Based on Preclinical Research
Dennis S. Charney, J. Douglas Bremner, and D. Eugene Redmond, Jr.
Histamine
Jean-Charles Schwartz, Jean-Michel Arrang, and Monique Garbarg
Molecular Biology of Serotonin Receptors A Basis for Understanding and Addressing Brain Function
Jean Chen Shih, Kevin J.-S. Chen, and Timothy K. Gallaher
Serotonin Receptor Subtypes and Ligands
Richard A. Glennon, Malgorzata Dukat and Richard B. Westkaemper
Gene Targeting Approaches to Serotonin Receptor Function
Laurence Tecott, M.D., Ph.D.
Serotonin Receptors: Signal Transduction Pathways
Elaine Sanders-Bush and Herv Canton
Anatomy. Cell Biology and Maturation of the Serotonergic System: Neurotrophic Implications for the Actions of Psychotrophic Drugs
Efrain C. Azmitia, Ph.D. and Patricia M. Whitaker-Azmitia, Ph.D.
Electrophysiology of Serotonin Receptor Subtypes and Signal Transduction Pathways
George K. Aghajanian
Serotonin and Behavior: A General Hypothesis
Barry L. Jacobs and Casimir A. Fornal
Indoleamines: The Role of Serotonin in Clinical Disorders
George R. Heninger
Monoamine Oxidase: Basic and Clinical Perspectives
D.P. Holschneider, M.D. and J.C. Shih, Ph.D.
Peptides
General Overview of Neuropeptides
Tomas Hakfelt, Zhi-Qing David Xu, Christian Broberger, Tiejun Sten Shi, and Xu Zhang
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone: Focus on Basic Neurobiology
George A. Mason, James C. Garbutt, and Arthur J. Prange, Jr.
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor: Physiology, Pharmacology and Role in Central Nervous System and Immune Disorders
Errol B. De Souza and Dimitri E. Grigoriadis
Neuropharmacology of Endogenous Opioid Peptides
John J. Wagner and Charles I. Chavkin
Vasopressin and Oxytocin in the Central Nervous System
Linda Rinaman, Thomas G. Sherman, and Edward M. Stricker
Neuropeptide Y and Related Peptides
Claes Wahlestedt and Markus Heilig
Somatostatin in the Central Nervous System
David R. Rubinow, Candace L. Davis, and Robert M. Post
Galanin: A Neuropeptide with Important Central Nervous System Actions
Tamas Bartfai
The Neurobiology of Neurotensin
Garth Bissette and Charles B. Nemeroff
Cholecystokinin
Margery C. Beinfeld
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide In The Central Nervous System
Douglas E. Brenneman, Joanna M. Hill, and Illana Gozes
Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH) Neuronal System: From Basic to Clinical
Serge Rivest and Leonello Cusan
New Transmitters
Arachidonic Acid
Daniele Piomelli
Nitric Oxide and Related Substances as Neural Messengers
Solomon H. Snyder and Ted M. Dawson
Neuronal Growth and Differentiation Factors and Synaptic Plasticity
Paul H. Patterson
Proto-Oncogenes: Beyond Second Messengers
James I. Morgan and Thomas E. Curran
Purinergic Mechanisms in Nervous System Function and Disease States
Michael F. Jarvis and Michael Williams
Integrative Concepts
Brain Energy Metabolism: An Integrated Cellular Perspective
Pierre J. Magistretti, Luc Pellerin, and Jean-Luc Martin
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Brain Development
David A. Morilak, Matthew H. Porteus, and Roland D. Ciaranello
The Development of Brain and Behavior
Thomas R. Insel
Intracellular Messenger Pathways as Mediators of Neural Plasticity
Eric J. Nestler and Ronald S. Duman
Neuroendocrine Interactions
Bruce S. McEwen
Interactions Between the Nervous System and the Immune System: Implications for Psychopharmacology
Adrian J. Dunn
Adaptive Processes Regulating Tolerance to Behavioral Effects of Drugs
Alice M. Young and Andrew J. Goudie
Adaptive Processes Regulating Tolerance to Behavioral Effects of Drugs
Alice M. Young and Andrew J. Goudie
The Psychopharmacology of Sexual Behavior
James G. Pfaus and Barry J. Everitt
Animal Models of Drug Addiction
George F. Koob
Stress
Huda A. Akil and M. Inés Morano
Circadian Rhythms
C.S. Colwell
Processes Underlying Sleep Regulation
Alexander A. Borbély, Peter Achermann, Beat Geering, and Irene Tobler
Animal Models of Psychiatric Disorders
Mark A. Geyer and Athina Markou
Genetic Strategies in Preclinical Substance Abuse Research
Kaitlin E. Browman, John Crabbe and Ting-Kai Li
Molecular Analysis of the Single Cell: Importance in the Study of Psychiatric Disorders
James Eberwine, Peter Crino, Steve Arnold, John Trojanowski, Scott Hemby
Astroglial Pharmacology
Elisabeth Hansson1, Thorleif Thorlin1, Mattias Linde1, Fredrik Blomstrand1, Peter S. Eriksson1, Ulrika Johansson1, Siamak Khatibi2, Michael Nilsson1, Torsten Olsson2, David Åuberg1 and Lars Rönnbäck1
Molecular Neurobiology of Development
Flora M. Vaccarino and James F. Leckman
Part II. Clinical Section
Critical Analysis of Methods
The DSM-IV Classification and Psychopharmacology
Allen Frances, Avram H. Mack, Ruth Ross, and Michael B. First
Clinical Study Design – Critical Issues
Donald S. Robinson, M.D., and Nina R. Schooler, Ph.D.
Short- and Long-Term Psychopharmacological Treatment Strategies
Ira D. Glick, M.D., Steven Marder, M.D., David Janowsky, M.D., Trisha Suppes, M.D., and Charles DeBattista, M.D.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
David J. Greenblatt, Jerold S. Harmatz, Lisa L. von Moltke, and Richard I. Shader
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Psychopharmacology
Sheldon H. Preskorn, M.D. and Anne T. Harvey, Ph.D.
Methodological Issues in the Neuropathology of Mental Illness
Joel E. Kleinman, Thomas M. Hyde, and Mary M. Herman
Positron and Single Photon Emission Tomography: Principles and Applications in Psychopharmacology
Robert T. Malison, Marc Laruelle, and Robert B. Innis
In Vivo Structural Brain Assessment
Kelvin O. Lim, Margaret Rosenbloom, and Adolf Pfefferbaum
Methodological Issues in Event-Related Brain Potential and Magnetic Field Studies
Walton T. Roth, Judith M. Ford, Adolf Pfefferbaum, and Thomas R. Elbert
Psychiatric Genetics
Joel Gelernter and David Goldman
Psychiatric Disorders
Mood Disorders
Recent Studies on Norepinephrine Systems in Mood Disorders
Alan F. Schatzberg and Joseph J. Schildkraut
Dopaminergic Mechanisms in Depression and Mania
Paul Willner
The Serotonin Hypothesis of Major Depression
Michael Maes and Herbert Y. Meltzer
The Role of Acetylcholine Mechanisms in Affective Disorders
David S. Janowsky and David H. Overstreet
Neuroendocrinology of Mood Disorders
Florian Holsboer
Neuropeptide Alterations in Mood Disorders
Paul M. Plotsky, Michael J. Owens, and Charles B. Nemeroff
Psychoneuroimmunology of Depression
Michael Irwin
Biological Rhythms in Mood Disorders
Anna Wirz-Justice
Brain Imaging in Mood Disorders
Godfrey D. Pearlson, MD and Thomas E. Schlaepfer, MD
Mood Disorders Linked to the Reproductive Cycle in Women
Barbara L. Parry and Patricia Haynes
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in the Acute Treatment of Depression
Stuart A. Montgomery
Standard Antidepressant Pharmacotherapy for the Acute Treatment of Mood Disorders
Michael J. Burke, M.D., Ph.D. and Sheldon H. Preskorn, M.D.
Long-Term Treatment of Mood Disorders
Robert F. Prien and James H. Kocsis
Treatment-Resistant Depression
Michael E. Thase and A. John Rush
Lithium and the Anticonvulsants in Bipolar Disorder
Joseph R. Calabrese and Charles Bowden
Psychosocial Predictors of Outcome in Depression
Robert M. A. Hirschfeld
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Harold A. Sackeim, D. P. Devanand, and Mitchell S. Nobler
Novel Pharmacological Approaches to the Treatment of Depression
Dennis L. Murphy, Philip B. Mitchell, and William Z. Potter
The Neurobiology of Treatment-Resistant Mood Disorders
Robert M. Post and Susan R. B. Weiss
Schizophrenia
Neurodevelopmental Perspectives on Schizophrenia
Daniel R. Weinberger
Physiological Indicators of the Schizophrenia Phenotype
Robert Freedman, Randal G. Ross, and Lawrence E. Adler
Functional Brain Imaging Studies in Schizophrenia
Raquel E. Gur
New Developments in Dopamine and Schizophrenia
René S. Kahn and Kenneth L. Davis
Schizophrenia and Glutamate: An Update
Blynn Garland Bunney, Ph.D., William E. Bunney, Jr., M.D. and Arvid Carlsson
The Role of Serotonin in Schizophrenia
Bryan L. Roth and Herbert Y. Meltzer
The Effects of Neuroleptics on Plasma Homovanillic Acid
Arnold J. Friedhoff and Raul R. Silva
Neurophysiological and Psychophysiological Approaches to Schizophrenia and Its Pathogenesis
Keith H. Nuechterlein, Ph.D. and Michael E. Dawson, Ph.D.
Neurocognitive Functioning in Patients with Schizophrenia: An Overview
Terry E. Goldberg and James M. Gold
Acute Treatment of Schizophrenia
William C. Wirshing,M.D., Donna Ames Wirshing, M.D., Stephen R. Marder, M.D., and Theodore Van Putten, M.D.
Acute Treatment of Schizophrenia
William C. Wirshing,M.D., Donna Ames Wirshing, M.D., Stephen R. Marder, M.D., and Theodore Van Putten, M.D.
Maintenance Drug Treatment for Schizophrenia
John G. Csernansky
Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs
Herbert Y. Meltzer
Anxiety Disorders
Neuroimaging Studies of Human Anxiety Disorders: Cutting Paths of Knowledge through the Field of Neurotic Phenomena
Lewis R. Baxter, Jr.
Anxiety and the Serotonin1A Receptor
Jeremy D. Coplan, Susan I. Wolk, and Donald F. Klein
Pharmacological Challenges in Anxiety Disorders
Lawrence H. Price, Andrew W. Goddard, Linda C. Barr, and Wayne K. Goodman
Environmental Factors in the Etiology of Anxiety1
Karrie J. Craig, Kelly J. Brown, and Andrew Baum
The Pharmacotherapy of Acute Anxiety: A Mini-Update
Richard I. Shader and David J. Greenblatt
Issues in the Long-Term Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
Edward Schweizer, Karl Rickels, and Eberhard H. Uhlenhuth
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Matthew A. Friedman, Ph.D., M.D.
Geriatric Disorders
Towards an Understanding of the Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease
Corrine L. Lendon and Alison M. Goate
Amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer's Disease and Animal Models
Sangram S. Sisodia and Donald L. Price
Neuropsychological Assessment of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
Richard C. Mohs
Biological Markers in Alzheimer's Disease
Trey Sunderland, Susan E. Molchan, and George S. Zubenko
Anatomic and Functional Brain Imaging in Alzheimer's Disease
Stanley I. Rapoport
Experimental Therapeutics
Deborah B. Marin and Kenneth L. Davis
Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment of Noncognitive Behavioral Abnormalities
Murray A. Raskind
Late-Onset Schizophrenia and Other Related Psychoses
Dilip V. Jeste, Jane S. Paulsen, and M. Jackuelyn Harris
Cognitive Impairment in Geriatric Schizophrenic Patients: Clinical and Postmortem Characterization
Michael Davidson and Vahram Haroutunian
Psychotropic Drug Metabolism in Old Age: Principles and Problems of Assessment
Lisa L. von Moltke, David J. Greenblatt, Jerold S. Harmatz and Richard I. Shader
Pharmacological Treatment Of Depression In Late Life
Carl Salzman, Lon S. Schneider, and George Alexopoulos
Neurologic Disorders
Parkinson's Disease
Amos D. Korczyn
Tardive Dyskinesia: Epidemiological and Clinical Presentation
John M. Kane, M.D.
Tardive Dyskinesia: Pathophysiology
Daniel E. Casey