Somatostatin in the Central Nervous System

David R. Rubinow, Candace L. Davis, and Robert M. Post
National Institute of Mental Health,
NIH
Bethesda, Maryland 20892.


REFERENCES

1. Agren H, Lundqvist G. Low levels of somatostatin in human CSF mark depressive episodes. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1984;9:233–248.

2. Altemus M, Pigott T, L'Heureux F, Davis CL, Rubinow DR, Murphy DL, Gold PW. CSF somatostatin in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:460–464.

3. Ambrosi B, Bochicchio D, Fadin C, Colombo P, Faglia G. Failure of somatostatin and octreotide to acutely affect the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal function in patients with corticotropin hypersecretion. J Endocrinol Invest 1990;13:257–261.

4. Argente J, Chowen-Breed JA, Steiner RA, Clifton DK. Somatostatin messenger RNA in hypothalamic neurons is increased by testosterone through activation of androgen receptors and not by aromatization to estradiol. Neuroendocrinology 1990;52:342–349.

5. Beal MF, Mazurek MF, Ellison DW, Swartz KJ, McGarvey U, Bird ED, Martin JB. Somatostatin and neuropeptide Y concentrations in pathologically graded cases of Huntington's disease. Ann Neurol 1988;23:562–569.

6. Bell GI, Reisine T. Molecular biology of somatostatin receptors. Trends Neurosci 1993;16:34–38.

7. Benyassi A, Tapia-Arancibia L, Arancibia S. Glutamate peripherally administered exerts somatostatin-releasing actionin the conscious rat. J Neuroendocrinol 1991;3:429–432.

8. Bissette G, Widerlov E, Walleus H, Karlsson I, Eklund K, Forsman A, Nemeroff CB. Alterations in cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in neuropsychiatric disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:1148–1151.

9. Bowen DM, Najlerahim A, Procter AW, Francis PT, Murphy E. Circumscribed changes of the cerebral cortex in neuropsychiatric disorders of later life. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86:9504–9508.

10. Breder CD, Yamada Y, Yasuda K, Seino S, Saper CB, Bell GI. Differential expression of somatostatin receptors subtypes in brain. J Neurosci 1992;12:3920–3934.

11. Candy JM, Gascoigne AD, Biggins A, et al. Somatostatin immunoreactivity in cortical and some subcortical regions in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 1985;71:315–323.

12. Charlton BG, Leake A, Wright C, Fairbairn AF, McKeith IG, Candy JM, Ferrier IN. Somatostatin content and receptors in the cerebral cortex of depressed and control subjects. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:719–721.

13. Charlton BG, Wright C, Leake A, Ferrier IN, Cheetham SC, Horton RW, Crompton MR. Somatostatin immunoreactivity in postmortem brain from depressed suicides [Letter]. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:597.

14. Cottrell GA, Robertson HA. Prevention of cysteamine-induced myoclonus blocks the long-term inhibition of kindled seizures. Brain Res 1987;412:161–164.

15. Doran AR, Rubinow DR, Wolkowitz OM, Roy A, Breier A, Pickar D. Fluphenazine treatment reduces CSF somatostatin in patients with schizophrenia: correlations with CSF HVA. Biol Psychiatry 1989;25:431–439.

16. Epelbaum J. Somatostatin receptors in the central nervous system. In: Weil C, Muller EE, Thorner MO, eds. Somatostatin: basic and clinical aspects of neuroscience, vol 4. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992;17–28.

17. Ferrier IN, McKeith IG, Charlton BG, et al. Postmortem investigations of serotonergic and peptidergic hypotheses of affective illness. In: Lerer B, Gershon S, eds. New directions in affective disorders. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989;60–63.

18. Gattaz WF, Rissler K, Gattaz D, Cramer H. Effects of haloperidol on somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the CSF of schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Res 1986;17:1–6.

19. Gomez S, Davous P, Rondot P, Faivre-Bauman A, Valade D, Puymirat J. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity and acetylcholinesterase activities in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer disease and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1986;11:69–73.

20. Goodman RH, Rehfuss RP, Verhave M, Ventimiglia R, Low MJ. Somatostatin gene regulation: an overview. Metabolism 1990;39 (Suppl 2):2–5.

21. Kakigi T, Maeda K. Effect of serotonergic agents on regional concentrations of somatostatin- and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivities in rat brain. Brain Res 1992;599:45–50.

22. Kakigi T, Maeda K, Kaneda H, Chihara K. Repeated administration of antidepressant drugs reduces regional somatostatin concentrations in rat brain. J Affective Disord 1992;25:215–220.

23. Kaye WH, Rubinow DR, Gwirtsman HE, George DT, Jimerson DC, Gold PW. CSF somatostatin in anorexia nervosa and bulimia: relationship to the hypothalamic pituitary–adrenal cortical axis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1988;13:265–272.

24. Kleuss C, Hescheler J, Ewel C, Rosenthal W, Schultz G, Wittig B. Assignment of G protein subtypes to specific receptors inducing inhibition of calcium currents. Nature 1991;353:43–48.

25. Kling MA, Rubinow DR, Doran AR, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin immunoreactive somatostatin concentrations in patients with Cushing's disease and major depression: relationship to indices of corticotropin-releasing hormone and cortisol secretion. Neuroendocrinology 1993;57:79–88.

26. Kruesi MJP, Swedo S, Leonard H, Rubinow DR, Rapoport JL. CSF somatostatin in childhood psychiatric disorders: a preliminary investigation. Psychiatry Res 1990;33:277–284.

27. Kupfer DJ, Jarrett DB, Ehlers CL. The effect of SRIF on the EEG sleep of normal men. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1992;17:37–43.

28. Lahtinen H, Pitkanen A, Tuomisto L, Riekkinen P. Effect of antiepileptic drugs on somatostatin release in vitro. Neuropeptides 1990;17:29–34.

29. Lowe SL, Francis PT, Procter AW, Palmer AM, Davison AN, Bowen DM. Gamma-aminobutyric acid concentration in brain tissue at two stages of Alzheimer's disease. Brain 1988;111:785–799.

30. Martin JL, Chesselet MF, Raynor K, Gonzales C, Reisine T. Differential distribution of somatostatin receptor subtypes in rat brain revealed by newly developed somatostatin analogs. Neuroscience 1991;41:581–593.

31. Matsuoka N, Kaneko S, Satoh M. Somatostatin augments long-term potentiation of the mossy fiber–CA3 system in guinea pig hippocampal slices. Brain Res 1991;553:188–194.

32. McCann SM. Physiology and pharmacology of LHRH and somatostatin. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1982;22:491–515.

33. Molchan SE, Lawlor BA, Hill JL, et al. CSF monoamine metabolites and somatostatin in Alzheimer's disease and major depression. Biol Psychiatry 1991;29:1110–1118.

34. Monno A, Rizzi M, Samanin R, Vazzani A. Anti-somatostatin antibody enhances the rate of hippocampal kindling in rats. Brain Res 1993;602:148–152.

35. Patel YC. General aspects of the biology and function of somatostatin. In: Weil C, Muller EE, Thorner MO, eds. Basic and clinical aspects of neuroscience, vol 4. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992;1–16.

36. Patel YC, Murthy KK, Escher EE, Banville D, Spiess J, Srikant CB. Mechanism of action of somatostatin: an overview of receptor function and studies of the molecular characterization and purification of somatostatin receptor proteins. Metabolism 1990;39(Suppl 2):63–69.

37. Patel YC, Rao K, Reichlin S. Somatostatin in human cerebrospinal fluid. N Engl J Med 1977;296:529–533.

38. Patel YC, Srikant CB. Somatostatin mediation of adenohypophysial secretion. Annu Rev Physiol 1985;48:551–567.

39. Perez-Oso E, Lopez-Ruiz MP, Arilla E. Effect of haloperidol withdrawal on somatostatin level and binding in rat brain. Biosci Rep 1990;10:15–22.

40. Pitkanen A, Jolkkonen J, Riekkinen P. b-endorphin, somatostatin, and prolactin levels in cerebrospinal fluid of epileptic patients after generalised convulsion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1987;50: 1294–1297.

41. Post RM, Ballenger JC, Uhde TW, Bunney WE. Efficacy of carbamazepine in manic–depressive illness: implications for underlying mechanisms. In: Post RM, Ballenger JC, eds. Neurobiology of mood disorders. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1984;777–816.

42. Qin Y, Soghomonian J, Chesselet M. Effects of quinolinic acid on messenger RNAs encoding somatostatin and glutamic acid decarboxylases in the striatum of adult rats. Exp Neurol 1992;115:200–211.

43. Rissler K, Cramer H, Schaudt D, Strubel D, Gattaz WF. Molecular size distribution of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with degenerative brain disease. Neurosci Res 1986;3:213–225.

44. Robbins RJ. Regulation of hypothalamic somatostatin secretion. In: Reichlin S, ed. Somatostatin: basic and clinical status. New York: Plenum Press, 1987;149–156.

45. Robbins RJ, Brines ML, Kim JH, et al. A selective loss of somatostatin in the hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol 1991;29:325–332.

46. Rosler N, Reuner C, Geiger J, Rissler K, Cramer H. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of immunoreactive substance P and somatostatin in patients with multiple sclerosis and inflammatory CNS disease. Peptides 1990;11:181–183.

47. Rubinow DR. Cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin and psychiatric illness. Biol Psychiatry 1986;21:341–365.

48. Rubinow DR, Davis CL, Post RM. Somatostatin in neuropsychiatric disorders. In: Weil C, Muller EE, Thorner MO, eds. Somatostatin: basic and clinical aspects of neuroscience, vol 4. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992;29–42.

49. Scharfman HE, Schwartzkroin PA. Selective depression of GABA-mediated IPSPs by somatostatin in area CA1 of rabbit hippocampal slices. Brain Res 1989;493:205–211.

50. Shinoda H, Nadi NS, Schwartz JP. Alterations in somatostatin and proenkephalin mRNA in response to a single amygdaloid stimulation versus kindling. Mol Brain Res 1991;11:221–226.

51. Sorensen KV, Christensen SE, Dupont E, Hansen AP, Pedersen E, Orskov H. Low somatostatin content in cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 1980;61:186–191.

52. Sperk G, Marksteiner J, Gruber B, Bellmann R, Mahata M, Ortler M. Functional changes in neuropeptide Y- and somatostatin- containing neurons induced by limbic seizures in the rat. Neuroscience 1992;50:831–846.

53. Su T, Hauser P, Rubinow DR, et al. CSF somatostatin (SRIF), mood, and cognition in multiple sclerosis. In: Abstracts of the twenty-first congress of the ISPNE, 1990;81.

54. Tahiri-Jouti N, Cambillau C, Viguerie N, Vidal C, Saint Laurent N, Vaysse N, Susini C. Characterization of a membrane tyrosine phosphatase in AR42J cells: regulation by somatostatin. Am J Physiol 1992;262:G1007–G1014.

55. Tallent M, Reisine T. Gi alpha 1 selectively couples somatostatin receptors to adenylyl cyclase in pituitary-derived AtT-20 cells. Mol Pharmacol 1992;41:452–455.

56. Traskman-Bendz L, Ekman R, Regnell G, Ohman R. HPA-related CSF neuropeptides in suicide attempts. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1992;2:99–106.

57. Vecsei L, Widerlov E. Brain and CSF somatostatin concentrations in patients with psychiatric or neurological illness: an overview. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1988;78:657.

58. Vecsei L, Widerlov E. Effects of somatostatin-28 and some of its fragments and analogs on open-field behavior, barrel rotation, and shuttle box learning in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1990;15: 139–145.

59. Vezzani A, Serafini R, Stasi MA, Vigano G, Rizzi M, Samanin R. A peptidase-resistant cyclic octapeptide analogue of somatostatin (SMS 201-995) modulates seizures induced by quinolinic and kainic acids differentially in the rat hippocampus. Neuropharmacology 1991;30:345–352.

60. Walsh TJ, Emerich DF, Winokur A, Banki C, Bissette G, Nemeroff CB. Intrahippocampal injection of cysteamine depletes somatostatin and produces cognitive impairments in the rat. Neurosci Abstr 1985;11:621.

61. Weckbecker G, Tolcsvai L, Liu R, Bruns C. Preclinical studies on the anticancer activity of the somatostatin analogue octreotide (SMS 201-995). Metabolism 1992;41(Suppl 2):99–103.

62. Xie Z, Sastry BR. Actions of somatostatin on GABA-ergic synaptic transmission in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. Brain Res 1992;591:239–247.

63. Yasuda K, Espinosa R III, Davis EM, LeBeau MM, Bell GI. Human somatostatin receptor genes: localization of SSTR5 to human chromosome 20p11.2. Genomics 1993;17:785–786.

64. Zorrilla R, Simard J, Rheaume E, Labrie F, Pelletier G. Multihormonal control of pre-pro-somatostatin mRNA levels in the periventricular nucleus of the male and female rat hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology 1990;52:527–536.

Back to Chapter

published 2000