CHAPTER 180

Ethnicity, Culture, and Psychopharmacology

Keh-Ming Lin and Russell E. Poland
Research Center on the Psychobiology of Ethnicity and the Department of Psychiatry,
Harbor-UCLA Medical Center,
Torrance,


REFERENCES

1. Allen JJ, Rack PH, Vaddadi KS. Differences in the effects of clomipramine on English and Asian volunteers: preliminary report on a pilot study. Postgrad Med J 1977;53(Suppl 4):79-86.

2. Angenent WJ, Koelle GB. A possible enzymatic basis for the differential action of mydriatics on light and dark irises. J Physiol 1953;119:102-117.

3. Argawal DP, Goedde HW. Alcohol metabolism, alcohol intolerance and alcoholism. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1990.

4. Bar CL, Kidd KK. Population frequencies of the Tag I A-system alleles at the dopamine D2 receptor locus [Abstract]. Am J Hum Genetic 1992;51(Suppl):145.

5. Baumann P, Eap CB. Alpha1-acid glycoprotein genetics, biochemistry, physiological functions, and pharmacology. New York: Alan R Liss, 1988.

6. Branch RA, Salih SY, Homeida M. Racial differences in drug metabolizing ability: a study with antipyrine in the Sudan. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1978;24:283-286.

7. Bunker CH, Mallinger AG, Adams LL, Kuller LH. Red blood cell sodium-lithium countertransport and cardiovascular risk factors in black and white college students. J Hypertens 1987;5:7-15.

8. Chang SS, Pandey GN, Zhang MY, Ku NF, Davis JM. Racial differences in plasma and RBC lithium levels (paper no 27 presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association). Continuing Medical Education Syllabus and Scientific Proceedings 1984;239-240.

9. Chang SS, Pandey GN, Yang YY, Yeh EK, Davis JM. Lithium pharmacokinetics: interracial comparison. Presented at the 138th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Dallas, Texas, May 19-24, 1985.

10. Chang W-H, Chen T-Y, Lee C-F, Hu WH, Yeh EK. Low plasma reduced haloperidol/haloperidol ratios in Chinese patients. Biol Psychiatry 1987;22:1406-1408.

11. Cholerton S, Daly AK, Idle JR. The role of individual human cytochromes P450 in drug metabolism and clinical response. Trends Pharmacol Sci Rev 1992;13:434-439.

12. Clark WG, Brater DG, Johnson AR, eds. Goth's medical pharmacology, 12th ed. St. Louis: CV Mosby, 1988.

13. Crabtree BL, Jann MW, Pitts WM. Alpha, acid glycoprotein levels in patients with schizophrenia: effect of treatment with haloperidol. Biol Psychiatry 1991;29:43A-185A.

14. Dimsdale J, Ziegler M, Graham R. The effect of hypertension, sodium, and race on isoproterenol sensitivity. Clin Exp Hypertens Theory Pract 1988;A10:747-756.

15. D'Mello DA, McNeil JA, Harris W. Multiethnic variance in psychiatric diagnosis and neuroleptic dosage. APA 142nd Annual Meeting, San Francisco, California, May 6-11, 1989.

16. Ellis L, Nyborg H. Racial/ethnic variations in male testosterone levels: a probable contributor to group differences in health. Steroids 1992;57:72-75.

17. Escobar JI, Tuason VB. Antidepressant agents: a cross cultural study. Psychopharmacol Bull 1980;16:49-52.

18. Fleishaker JC, Smith TC, Friedman HL, Hulst. LK. Separation of the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of oral and IV adinazolam mesylate and N-desmethyladinazolam mesylate in healthy volunteers. Drug Invest 1992;4:155-165.

19. Fraser HS, Mucklow JC, Bulpitt CJ, Kahn C, Mould G, Dollery CT. Environmental factors affecting antipyrine metabolism in London factory and office workers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1979;7:237-243.

20. Garde JF, Aston R, Endler GC, Sison OS. Racial mydriatic response to belladonna premedication. Anesth Analg 1978;57:572-576.

21. Gaviria M, Gil AA, Javaid JI. Nortriptyline kinetics in Hispanic and Anglo subjects. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1986;6:227-231.

22. Ghoneim MM, Korttila K, Chiang CK, Jacobs L, Schoenwald RD, Newaldt SP, Lauaba KO. Diazepam effects and kinetics in Caucasians and Orientals. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981;29:749-756.

23. Gillis LS, Trollip D, Jakoet A, et al. Non-compliance with psychotropic medication. S Afr Med J 1987;72:602-606.

24. Goldberg SC, Schooler NR, Davidson EM, et al. Sex and race differences in response to drug treatment among schizophrenics. Psychopharmacologia (Berl) 1966;9:31-47.

25. Gonzalez FJ. The molecular biology of cytochrome P450s. Pharmacol Rev 1989;40:243-288.

26. Gonzalez FJ. Human cytochromes P450: problem and prospects. Trends Pharmacol Sci Rev 1992;13:346-352.

27. Gonzalez FJ, Nebert DW. Evolution of the P450 gene superfamily: animal-plant "warfare," molecular drive and human genetic differences in drug oxidation. Trends Genet 1990;6:182-186.

28. Greenblatt, DJ. Basic pharmacokinetic principles and their application to psychotropic drugs. J Clin Psychiatry 1993;54(Suppl):8-13.

29. Hu WH, Lee CF, Yang YY, Tseng YT. Imipramine plasma levels and clinical response. Bull Chinese Soc Neurol Psychiatry 1983;9:40-49.

30. Jann MW, Chang WH, Davis CM, Chen TY, Deng HC, Lung FW, Ereshefsky L, Saklad SR, Richards AL. Haloperidol and reduced haloperidol plasma levels in Chinese vs. non-Chinese psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Res 1989;30:45-52.

31. Jann MW, Lam YW, Chang WH. Haloperidol and reduced haloperidol plasma concentrations in different ethnic populations and interindividual variabilities in haloperidol metabolism. In: Lin KM, Poland RE, Nakasaki G, eds. Psychopharmacology and psychobiology of ethnicity. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1993;133-152.

32. Juneja RK, Weitkamp LR, Stratil A, et al. Further studies of the plasma a1 B-glycoprotein polymorphism: two new alleles and allele frequencies in Caucasians and in American blacks. Hum Hered 1988;38:267-272.

33. Kalow W. Race and therapeutic drug response. N Eng J Med 1989;320:588-589.

34. Kalow W. Pharmacogenetics: past and future. Life Sci 1990;47:1385-1397.

35. Kalow W. Interethnic variation of drug metabolism. Trends Pharmacol Sci Rev 1991;12:102-107.

36. Kalow W. Pharmacogenetics: its biologic roots and the medical challenge. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993;54:235-241.

37. Kalow W, ed. Pharmacogenetics of drug metabolism. New York: Pergamon Press, 1992.

38. Kinzie JD, Leung P, Boehnlein J, Fleck J. Tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels in Indochinese refugees: clinical implication. J Nerv Ment Dis 1987;175:480-485.

39. Kishimoto A, Hollister LE. Nortriptyline kinetics in Japanese and Americans [Letter to the editor]. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1984;4:171-172.

40. Kleinman A. Rethinking psychiatry. New York: The Free Press, 1988.

41. Kremer JMH, Wilting J, Janssen LHM. Drug binding to human alpha-1-acid glycoprotein in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 1988;40:1-45.

42. Kumana CR, Lauder IJ, Chan M, Ko W, Lin HJ. Differences in diazepam pharmacokinetics in Chinese and white Caucasians--relation to body lipid stores. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1987;32:211-215.

43. Lee S. Side effects of lithium therapy in Hong Kong Chinese: an ethnopsychiatric perspective. Cult Psychiatry Med 1993;17:301-320.

44. Levy RH, Moreland TA. Rationale for monitoring free drug levels. Clin Pharmacokinet 1984;9(Suppl 1):1-9.

45. Lieberman JA, Yunis J, Egea E, et al. HLA-B38, DR4, DQw3 and clozapine-induced agranulocytosis in Jewish patients with schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:945-948.

46. Lin KM, Poland RE, Lau JK, Rubin RT. Haloperidol and prolactin concentrations in Asians and Caucasians. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1988;8:195-201.

47. Lin KM, Lau JK, Smith R, Poland RE. Comparison of alprazolam plasma levels and behavioral effects in normal Asian and Caucasian male volunteers. Psychopharmacology 1988;96:365-369.

48. Lin KM, Poland RE, Nuccio I, Matsuda K, Hathuc N, Su TP, Fu P. Longitudinal assessment of haloperidol dosage and serum concentration in Asian and Caucasian schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:1307-1311.

49. Lin KM, Poland RE, Nakasaki, G. Psychopharmacology and psychobiology of ethnicity. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1993.

50. Livingston RL, Zucker DK, Isenberg K, Wetzel RD. Tricyclic antidepressants and delirium. J Clin Psychiatry 1983;44:173-176.

51. Marcolin MA, Stiers W, Chung YS. Racial differences in schizophrenia when controlling for economic status. Continuing Medical Education Syllabus and Scientific Proceedings, 80-81. American Psychiatric Association, 144th Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 11-16, 1991.

52. Meyer UA. Molecular genetics and the future of pharmacogenetics. In: Kalow W, ed. Pharmacogenetics of drug metabolism. New York: Pergamon Press, 1992.

53. Midha KK, Hawes EM, Hubbard JW, Korchinski ED, McKay G. A pharmacokinetic study of trifluoperazine in two ethnic populations. Psychopharmacology 1988;95:333-338.

54. Midha KK, Hawes EM, Hubbard JW, Korchinski ED, McKay G. Variation in the single dose pharmacokinetics of fluphenazine in psychiatric patients. Psychopharmacology 1988;96:206-211.

55. Moser M, Lunn J. Comparative effects of pindolol and hydrochlorothiazide in black hypertensive patients. Angiology 1981;32:561-566.

56. Murphy HBM. Ethnic variations in drug responses. Transcul Psychiatric Res Rev 1969;6:6-23.

57. Murray M, Reidy GF. Selectivity in the inhibition of mammalian cytochromes P-450 by chemical agents. Pharmacol Rev 1990;42:2-101.

58. Okey, AB. Enzyme induction in the cytochrome P-450 system. In: Kalow W, ed. Pharmacogenetics of drug metabolism. New York: Pergamon Press, 1992.

59. Okpaku S, Frazer A, Mendels J. A pilot study of racial differences in erythrocyte lithium transport. Am J Psychiatry 1980;137:120-121.

60. Ostrow DG, Dorus W, Okonek A, Desai P, Bauer J, Bresolin LB, Davis JM. The effect of alcoholism on membrane lithium transport. J Clin Psychiatry 1986;47:350-353.

61. Pfister GM, Hanson DR, Roerig JL, Landbloom R, Popkin MK. Clozapine-induced agranulocytosis in a Native American: HLA typing and further support for an immune-mediated mechanism. J Clin Psychiatry 1992;53:242-244.

62. Pi EH, Simpson GH, Cooper MA. Pharmacokinetics of desipramine in Caucasian and Asian volunteers. Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:1174-1176.

63. Pi EH, Tran-Johnson TK, Walker NR, Cooper RB, Suckow RF, Gray GE. Pharmacokinetics of desipramine in Asian and Caucasian volunteers. Psychopharmacol Bull 1989;25:483-487.

64. Potkin SG, Shen Y, Pardes H, Phelps BH, Zhou D, Shu L, Korpi E, Wyatt RJ. Haloperidol concentrations elevated in Chinese patients. Psychiatry Res 1984;12:167-172.

65. Preskorn, SH. Pharmacokinetics of antidepressants: why and how they are relevant to treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 1993;54(Suppl): 14-34.

66. Price ND, Glazer WM, Morgenstern H. Race and the use of fluphenazine decanoate. Am J Psychiatry 1985;142:1491-1492.

67. Reidenberg MM, Erill S, eds. Drug-protein binding. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.

68. Rosenblat R, Tang SW. Do Oriental psychiatric patients receive different dosages of psychotropic medication when compared with Occidentals? Can J Psychiatry 1987;32:270-274.

69. Routledge PA. The plasma protein binding of basic drugs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1986;22:499-506.

70. Rudorfer MV, Robins E. Amitriptyline overdose: clinical effects on tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels. J Clin Psychiatry 1982;43:457-460.

71. Rudorfer MV, Lane EA, Chang WH, Zhang MD, Potter WZ. Desipramine pharmacokinetics in Chinese and Caucasian volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1984;17:433-440.

72. Rudorfer, MV. Pharmacokinetics of psychotropic drugs in special populations. J Clin Psychiatry 1993;54(Suppl):50-54.

73. Rutledge DR, Steinberg MB, Cardozo L. Racial differences in drug response: isoproterenol effects on heart rate following intravenous metoprolol. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1989;45:380-386.

74. Schneider L, Pawluczyk S, Dopheide J, Lyness SA, Suckow RF, Copper TB. Ethnic differences in portriptyline metabolism. New Research Program and Abstracts, American Psychiatric Association, 144th Annual Meeting, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 1991.

75. Shen WW, Lin KM. Cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases and interactions of psychotropic drugs. Int J Psychiatry Med 1990;21:21-30.

76. Someya T, Sibasaki M, Noguchi T, et al. Haloperidol metabolism in psychiatric patients: importance of glucuronidation and carbonyl reduction. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992;12:169-174.

77. Strickland T, Lin KM, Fu P, Anderson D, Zheng YP, RBC lithium ratio variation among African American and Caucasian bipolar patients [in press]

78. Takahashi R. Lithium treatment in affective disorders: therapeutic plasma level. Psychopharmacol Bull 1979;15:32-35.

79. Vesell ES. The model drug approach in clinical pharmacology. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991;50:239-248.

80. Weber WW. The acetylator genes and drug responses. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

81. Weinberger MH, Smith JB, Fineberg NS, Luft FC. Red cell sodium-lithium countertransport and fractional excretion of lithium in normal and hypertensive humans. Hypertension 1989;13(3):206-212.

82. Yamashita I, Asano Y. Tricyclic antidepressants: therapeutic plasma level. Psychopharmacol Bull 1979;15:40-41.

83. Yang YY. Prophylactic efficacy of lithium and its effective plasma levels in Chinese bipolar patients. Acta Psyhiatr Scand 1985;71:171-175.

84. Yue QY, Svensson JO, Sjoqvist F, Sawe J. A comparison of the pharmacokinetics of codeine and its metabolites in healthy Chinese and Caucasian extensive hydroxylators of debrisoquin. Brit J Clin Pharmacol 1991;31:643-647.

85. Yoshida A. Genetic polymorphisms of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes related to alcohol sensitivity and alcoholic diseases. In: Lin KM, Poland RE, Nakasaki G, eds. Psychopharmacology and psychobiology of ethnicity. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1993;169-186.

86. Zhang Y, Reviriego J, Lou Y, Sjoqvist F, Bertilsson L. Diazepam metabolism in native Chinese poor and extensive hydroxylators of S-mephenytoin: interethnic differences in comparison with white subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990;48:496-502.

87. Zhou HH, Koshakji RP, Siolberstein DJ, Wilkinson GR, Wood AJJ. Altered sensitivity to and clearance of propranolol in men of Chinese descent as compared with American whites. N Engl J Med 1989;320:565-570.

88. Zhou HH, Adedoyin A, Wilkinson GR. Differences in plasma binding of drugs between Caucasians and Chinese subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990;48:10-17.

89. Ziegler VE, Biggs JT. Tricyclic plasma levels--effect of age, race, sex, and smoking. JAMA 1977;438:2167-2169.

90. Zito JM, Craig TJ, Wanderling J, Seigel C. Pharmaco-epidemiology in 136 hospitalized schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1987;144:778-782.

Back to Chapter

published 2000