1. Amass L, Bickel WK, Higgins ST, Badger GJ. Alternate-day dosing during buprenorphine. Life Sci 1994;54:1215-1228.

2. Annotated Bibliography of Papers From the Addiction Research Center 1935-1975. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, Maryland. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1978, ADM 77-435.

3. Ball JC, Ross A. The effectiveness of methadone treatment. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1991.

4. Bickel WK, Bigelow GE, Preston KL, Liebson IA. Opioid drug discrimination in humans: stability, specificity, and relation to self-reported drug effect. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989;251:1053-1063.

5. Bickel WK, Stitzer ML, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA, Jasinski DR, Johnson RE. A clinical trial of buprenorphine: comparison with methadone in the detoxification of heroin addicts. J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988;43:72-78.

6. Bickel WK, Stitzer ML, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA, Jasinski DR, Johnson RE. Buprenorphine: dose-related blockade of opioid challenge effects in opioid dependent humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988;247:47-53.

7. Bickel WK, Stitzer ML, Liebson IA, Bigelow GE. Acute physical dependence in man: effects of naloxone after brief morphine exposure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988;244:126-132.

8. Bigelow GE. Human drug abuse liability assessment: opioids and analgesics. Br J Addict 1991;86:1615-1628.

9. Billings RE, McMahon RE, Blake DA. l-Acetylmethadol (LAM) treatment of opiate dependence: plasma and urine levels of two pharmacologically active metabolites. Life Sci 1974;14:1437-1446.

10. Blaine JD, Thomas DB, Barnett G, Whysner JA, Renault PF. Levo-alpha acetylmethadol (LAAM): clinical utility and pharmaceutical development. In: Lowinson J, Ruiz P, eds. Substance abuse—clinical problems and perspectives. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1981;360-388.

11. Charney DS, Heninger GR, Kleber HD. The combined use of clonidine and naltrexone as a rapid, safe, and effective treatment of abrupt withdrawal from methadone. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143:831-837.

12. Cooper JR. Ineffective use of psychoactive drugs: methadone treatment is no exception. JAMA 1992;267:281-282.

13. Eddy NB, May EL, Mosetig E. Chemistry and pharmacology of the methadols and acetylmethadols. J Organ Chem 1952;17:321-326.

14. Fraser HF, Isbell H. Actions and addiction liabilities of alpha-acetylmethadols in man. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1952;105:458-465.

15. Freedman RR, Czertko G. A comparison of thrice weekly LAAM and daily methadone in employed heroin addicts. Drug Alcohol Depend 1981;8:215-222.

16. Fudala PJ, Jaffe JE, Dax EM, Johnson RE. Use of buprenorphine in the treatment of opioid addiction II: physiologic and behavioral effects of daily and alternate-day administration and abrupt withdrawal. J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990;47:525-534.

17. Heishman SJ, Stitzer ML, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA. Acute opioid physical dependence in postaddict humans: naloxone dose effects after brief morphine exposure. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989; 248:127-134.

18. Heishman SJ, Stitzer ML, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA. Acute opioid physical dependence in humans: effect of varying the morphine-naloxone interval. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989;250:485-491.

19. Hill HF, Mather LW. Patient-controlled analgesia: pharmacokinetic and therapeutic considerations. Clin Pharmacokinet 1993;24:124-140.

20. Jaffe JH, Schuster CR, Smith BB, Blachley PH. Comparison of acetylmethadol and methadone in the treatment of long-term heroin users—a pilot study. JAMA 1970;211:1834-1836.

21. Jasinski DR. Assessment of the abuse potential of morphine-like drugs (methods used in man). In: Martin WR, ed. Drug addiction I, vol 45/1. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1977;197-258.

22. Jasinski DR, Henningfield JE, Hickey JE, Johnson RE. Progress report of the NIDA Addiction Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland, 1982. In: Harris LS, ed. Problems of drug dependence, 1982. National Institute on Drug Abuse Research Monograph 43. Washington, DC: DHHS, 1983;92-98 (ADM) 83-1264.

23. Jasinski DR, Johnson RE, Kocher TR. Clonidine in morphine withdrawal: differential effects on signs and symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:1063-1065.

24. Jasinski DR, Mansky PA. Evaluation of nalbuphine for abuse potential. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1972;13:78-90.

25. Jasinski DR, Martin WR, Hoeldtke RD. Effects of short- and long-term administration of pentazocine in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1970;11:385-403.

26. Jasinski DR, Pevnick JS, Griffith JD. Human pharmacology and abuse potential of the analgesic buprenorphine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978;35:501-516.

27. Jones BE, Prada JA. Drug-seeking behavior during methadone maintenance. Psychopharmacologia 1975;41:7-10.

28. Kirby KC, Stitzer ML, Heishman SJ. Acute opioid physical dependence in humans: effect of varying the morphine-naloxone interval. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990;255:730-737.

29. Kosten TR, Schottenfeld R, Ziedonis D, Falcioni J. Buprenorphine versus methadone for opioid dependence. J Nerv Ment Dis 1993;181:358-364.

30. Lamb RJ, Preston KL, Henningfield JE, Schindler CW, Meisch RL, Davis F, Katz JL, Goldberg SR. The reinforcing and subjective effects of morphine in post-addicts: a dose-response study. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1991;259:1165-1173.

31. Lange WR, Jasinski DR. The clinical pharmacology of pentazocine and tripelennamine (T's and Blues). Adv Alcohol Subst Abuse 1986;5:71-83.

32. Levine R, Zaks A, Fink M, Freedman AM. Levomethadyl acetate: prolonged duration of opioid effects, including cross tolerance to heroin, in man. JAMA 1973;226:316-318.

33. Ling W, Charuvastra VC, Kaim SC, Klett CJ. Methadyl acetate and methadone as maintenance treatments for heroin addicts: a Veterans Administration cooperative study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976; 33:709-720.

34. Ling W, Klett J, Gillis RD. A cooperative clinical study of methadyl acetate I. Three-times-a-week regimen. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978;35:345-353.

35. Martin WR. Pharmacology of opioids. Pharmacol Rev 1983; 35:283-323.

36. McCaul ME, Stitzer ML, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA. Intravenous hydromorphone: effects in opiate-free and methadone maintenance subjects. In: Harris LS, ed. Problems of drug dependence, 1982. Proceedings of the 44th annual scientific meeting. The Committee on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc. NIDA Research Monograph 43, ADM 83-1264. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services, 1983;238-244.

37. Mello NK, Mendelson JH, Kuehnle JC, Sellers MS. Operant analysis of human heroin self-administration and the effects of naltrexone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1981;216:45-54.

38. Mello NK, Mendelson JH, Kuehnle JC. Buprenorphine effects on human heroin self-administration: an operant analysis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1982;223:30-39.

39. Musto DF. The American disease: origins of narcotic control. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1973.

40. NRC Committee on Clinical Evaluation of Narcotic Antagonists. Clinical evaluation of naltrexone treatment of opiate-dependent individuals. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1978;35:335-340.

41. Porter J, Jick H. Addiction rare in patients treated with narcotics. N Engl J Med 1980;302:123.

42. Preston KL. Drug discrimination methods in abuse liability evaluation. Br J Addiction 1991;86:1587-1594.

43. Preston KL, Bigelow GE. Subjective and discriminative effects of drugs. Behav Pharmacol 1991;2:293-313.

44. Preston KL, Bigelow GE. Differential naltrexone antagonism of hydromorphone and pentazocine in human volunteers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993;264:813-823.

45. Preston KL, Bigelow GE, Bickel WK, Liebson IA. Drug discrimination in human post-addicts: agonist-antagonist opioids. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989;250:184-196.

46. Preston KL, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA. Comparative evaluation of morphine, pentazocine and ciramadol in postaddicts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987;240:900-910.

47. Preston KL, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA. Buprenorphine and naloxone alone and in combination in opioid-dependent humans. Psychopharmacol 1988;94:484-490.

48. Preston KL, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA. Butorphanol-precipitated withdrawal in opioid-dependent humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1988;246:441-448.

49. Preston KL, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA. Antagonist effects of nalbuphine in opioid-dependent humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1989;248:929-937.

50. Preston KL, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA. Discriminative stimulus properties of naloxone, butorphanol, nalbuphine, and hydromorphone in opioid-dependent humans. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1990;37:511-522.

51. Preston KL, Jasinski DR. Abuse liability studies of opioid agonist-antagonists in humans. Drug Alcohol Depend 1991;28:49-82.

52. Preston KL, Liebson IA, Bigelow GE. Discrimination of agonist-antagonist opioids in humans trained on a two-choice saline-hydromorphone discrimination. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992;261: 62-71.

53. Preston KL, Sullivan JT, Testa MP, Jasinski DR. Psychopharmacology and abuse potential of transnasal butorphanol. Drug Alcohol Depend 1994;35:159-167.

54. Robins LN, Davis DH, Goodwin DW. Drug use by U.S. Army enlisted men in Vietnam: a follow-up on their return home. Am J Epidemiol 1974;99:235-249.

55. Senay EC. Clinical experience with T's and B's. Drug Alcohol Depend 1985;14:305-311.

56. Senay EC, Dorus W, Renault PF. Methadyl acetate and methadone. JAMA 1977;237:138-142.

57. Sorensen JL, Hargreaves WA, Weinberg JA. Withdrawal from heroin in three or six weeks—comparison of methadyl acetate and methadone. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982;39:167-171.

58. Stine SM, Kosten TR. Use of drug combinations in treatment of opioid withdrawal. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1992;12:203-209.

59. Stitzer ML, Iguchi MY, Felch LJ. Contingent take-home incentive: effects on drug use of methadone maintenance patients. J Consult Clin Psychol 1992;60:927-934.

60. Stitzer ML, Wright C, Bigelow GE, June HL, Felch LJ. Time course of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal after acute methadone exposure in humans. Drug Alcohol Depend 1991;29:39-46.

61. Strain EC, Preston KL, Liebson IA, Bigelow GE. Effects of buprenorphine, hydromorphone, and naloxone in methadone-maintained volunteers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992;261:985-993.

62. Strain EC, Preston KL, Liebson IA, Bigelow GE. Precipitated withdrawal by pentazocine in methadone-maintained volunteers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993;267:624-634.

63. Strain EC, Stitzer ML, Liebson IA, Bigelow GE. Dose-response effects of methadone in the treatment of opioid dependence. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:23-27.

64. Strain EC, Stitzer ML, Liebson IA, Bigelow GE. A comparison of buprenorphine to methadone in the treatment of opioid dependence. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:1025-1030.

65. Walsh SL, Preston KL, Stitzer ML, Cone E, Bigelow GE. Clinical pharmacology of buprenorphine: ceiling effects at high doses. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994; (in press).

66. Washton AM, Pottash AC, Gold MS. Naltrexone in addicted business executives and physicians. J Clin Psychiatry 1984;45:39-41.

67. Weinhold LL, Preston KL, Farre M, Liebson IA, Bigelow GE. Buprenorphine alone and in combination with naloxone in non-dependent humans. Drug Alcohol Depend 1992;30:263-274.

68. Zacny JP, Lichtor JL, Binstock W, Coalson DW, Cutter T, Flemming DC, Glosten B. Subjective, behavioral, and physiologic responses to intravenous meperidine in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology 1993;111:306-314.

69. Zacny JP, Lichtor JL, de Wit H. Subjective, behavioral, and physiologic responses to intravenous dezocine in healthy volunteers. Anesth Analg 1992;74:523-530.

70. Zacny JP, Lichtor JL, Flemming D, Coalson DW, Thompson WK. A dose-response analysis of the subjective, psychomotor, and physiologic effects of intravenous morphine in healthy volunteers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994;268:1-9.

71. Zacny JP, Lichtor JL, Zaragoza JG, de Wit H. Effects of fasting on responses to intravenous fentanyl in healthy volunteers. J Subst Abuse 1992;4:197-207.

72. Zaks A, Fink M, Freedman AM. Levomethadyl in maintenance treatment of opiate dependence. JAMA 1972;220:811-813.