1. Alexander MP, Warren RL. Localization of callosal auditory pathways: a CT case study. Neurology 1988;38:802–804.

2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd ed. (DSM III). Washington, DC; American Psychiatric Association, 1980.

3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd ed., revised (DSM-III-R). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1987.

4. Anderson JC, Williams S, McGee R, Silva PA. DSM-III disorders in preadolescent children: prevalence in a large sample from the general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:69–76.

5. Barkley RA, Grodzinsky G, DuPaul GJ. Frontal lobe functions in attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity: a review and research report. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1992;20:163–188.

6. Bell RD, Alexander GM, Schwartzman RJ. Methylphenidate decreases local glucose metabolism in the motor cortex. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1983;18:1–5.

7. Benson DF. The role of frontal dysfunction in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Neurol 1991;6:9–12.

8. Bergström K, Bille B. Computer tomography of the brain in children with minimal brain damage: a preliminary study of 46 children. Neuropädiatrie 1978;9:378–384.

9. Berry CA, Shaywitz SE, Shaywitz BA. Girls with attention deficit disorder: a silent minority? A report on behavioral and cognitive characteristics. Pediatrics 1985;76:801–809.

10. Biederman J, Faraone SV, Keenan K, Knee D, Tsuang MT. Family-genetic and psychosocial risk factors in DSM-III attention deficit disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990;29:526–533.

11. Biederman J, Munir K, Knee D, Habelow W, Armentano M, Autor S, Hoge SK, Waternaux C. A family study of patients with attention deficit disorder and normal controls. J Psychiatr Res 1986;20:263–274.

12. Bird HR, Canino G, Rubio-Stipec M, Gould MS, Ribera J, Sesman M, Woodbury M, Huertas-Goldman S, Pagan A, Sanchez-Lacay A, Moscoso M. Estimates of the prevalence of childhood maladjustment in a community survey in Puerto Rico. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:1120–1126.

13. Cantwell DP. Genetics of hyperactivity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1975;16:261–264.

14. Deutsch CK, Matthysse S, Swanson JM, Farkas LG. Genetic latent structure analysis of dysmorphology in attention deficit disorder. J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1990;29:189–194.

15. Deutsch CK, Swanson JM. An adoptive parents and siblings study of attention deficit disorder [Abstract]. Behav Genet 1985;15:590–591.

16. DuPaul GJ, Barkley RA. Medication therapy. In: Barkley RA, ed. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford Press, 1990;573–612.

17. Eison MS, Eison AS, Ellison G. The regional distribution of d-amphetamine and local glucose utilization in rat brain during continuous amphetamine administration. Exp Brain Res 1981;43:281–288.

18. Elia J, Borcherding BG, Rapoport JL, Keysor CS. Methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine treatments of hyperactivity: Are there true nonresponders? Psychiatry Res 1991;36:141–155.

19. Epstein P, Pisani V, Fawcett J. Alcoholism and cerebral atrophy. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1977;1:61–65.

20. Ernst M, Liebenauer LL, King AC, Fitzgerald GA, Cohen RM, Zametkin AJ. Reduced brain metabolism in hyperactive teenage girls. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry [in press].

21. Ernst M, Liebenauer LL, Matochik JA, Fitzgerald GA, Zametkin AJ. Brain metabolism in adolescents with ADHD: effect of gender. Review abstract for a research paper, 40th annual meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 1994.

22. Ernst M, Zametkin AJ, Matochik JA, Liebenauer LL, Fitzgerald GL. Intravenous dextroamphetamine on brain metabolism in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). NCDEU 33rd Annual Meeting 1993;No. 47.

23. Faraone S, Biederman J, Chen WJ, Krifcher B, Keenan K, Moore C, Sprich S, Tsuang MT. Segregation analysis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatr Genet 1992;2:257–275.

24. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Chen WJ, Tsuang MT. Genetic heterogeneity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: gender, psychiatric comorbidity and parental illness. Submitted for publication.

25. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Keenan K, Tsuang MT. A family-genetic study of girls with DSM-III attention deficit disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:112–117.

26. Faraone SV, Biederman J, Lehman BK, Keenan K, Norman D, Seidman LJ, Kolodny R, Kraus I, Perrin J, Chen WJ. Evidence for independent familial transmission of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities: results from a family genetic study. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:891–895.

27. Foote SL, Bloom FE, Aston-Jones G. Nucleus locus coeruleus: new evidence of anatomical and physiological specificity. Physiol Rev 1983;63:844–914.

28. Goodman R, Stevenson J. A twin study of hyperactivity. II. The aetiological role of genes, family relationships and perinatal adversity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1989;30:691–709.

29. Hauser P, Zametkin AJ, Martinez P, Vitiello B, Matochik JA, Mixson AJ, Weintraub BD. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in people with generalized resistance to thyroid hormone. N Engl J Med 1993;328:997–1001.

30. Heilman KM, Voeller KKS, Nadeau SE. A possible pathophysiologic substrate of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Neurol 1991;6:S76–S81.

31. Hynd GW, Marshall R, Gonzalez JJ. Asymmetry of the caudate nucleus in ADHD: an exploratory study of gender and handedness effects. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 1993.

32. Hynd GW, Semrud-Clikeman M, Lorys AR, Novey ES, Eliopulos D. Brain morphology in developmental dyslexia and attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity. Arch Neurol 1990;47:919–926.

33. Hynd GW, Semrud-Clikeman M, Lorys AR, Novey ES, Eliopulos D, Lyytinen H. Corpus callosum morphology in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: morphometric analysis of MRI. J Learning Disabilities 1991;24:141–146.

34. Innocenti GM. The Development of interhemispheric connections. Trends Neurol Sci 1981;142–144.

35. Joyce JN, Montero E, Van Hartesveldt C. Dopamine-mediated behaviors: characteristics of modulation by estrogen. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1984;21:791–800.

36. King C, Young R. Attentional deficits with and without hyperactivity: teacher and peer perceptions. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1982;10:483–496.

37. Lahey BB, Schaughency EA, Strauss CC, Frame CL. Are attention deficit disorders with and without hyperactivity similar or disimilar disorders? J Am Acad Child Psychiatry 1984;23:302–309.

38. Langlais PJ, Walsh FX, Bird ED, Levy HL. Cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitter metabolites in neurologically normal infants and children. Pediatrics 1985;75:580–586.

39. London ED, Cascella NG, Wong DF, Phillips RL, Dannals RF, Links JM, Herning R, Grayson R, Jaffe JH, Wagner HN. Cocaine-induced reduction of glucose utilization in human brain. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:567–574.

40. London ED, Wilkerson G, Goldberg SR, Risner ME. Effects of 1-cocaine on local cerebral glucose utilization in the rat. Neurosci Lett 1986;68:73–78.

41. Lou HC, Henriksen L, Bruhn P. Focal cerebral hypoperfusion in children with dysphasia and/or attention deficit disorder. Arch Neurol 1984;41:825–829.

42. Lou HC, Henriksen L, Bruhn P. Focal cerebral dysfunction in developmental learning disabilities. Lancet 1990;335:8–11.

43. Lou HC, Henriksen L, Bruhn P, Borner H, Nielsen JB. Striatal dysfunction in attention deficit and hyperkinetic disorder. Arch Neurol 1989;46:48–52.

44. Matochik JA, Liebenauer LL, King AC, Szymanski HV, Cohen RM, Zametkin AJ. Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder after chronic stimulant treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:658–664.

45. Matochik JA, Nordahl TE, Gross M, Semple WE, King AC, Cohen RM, Zametkin AJ. Effects of acute stimulant medication on cerebral metabolism in adults with hyperactivity. Neuropsychopharmacology 1993;8:377–386.

46. Matochik JA, Zametkin AJ, Liebenauer LL, Cohen RM. Effects of chronic stimulant treatment on cerebral metabolism in adults with hyperactivity. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1992;18:726.

47. Mattes JA. The role of frontal lobe dysfunction in childhood hyperkinesis. Compr Psychiatry 1980;21:358–369.

48. McCracken JT. A two part model of stimulant action on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. J Neuropsychiatry 1991;3:201–209.

49. Mefford IN, Potter WZ. A neuroanatomical and biochemical basis for attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity in children: a defect in tonic adrenaline mediated inhibition of locus coeruleus stimulation. Med Hypotheses 1989;29:33–42.

50. Mesulam MM. Frontal cortex and behavior. Ann Neurol 1986;19:320–325.

51. Morrison JR, Stewart MA. The psychiatric status of the legal families of adopted hyperactive children. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1973;28:888–891.

52. Nasrallah HA, Loney J, Olsen SC, McCalley-Whitters M, Kramer J, Jacoby CG. Cortical atrophy in young adults with a history of hyperactivity in childhood. Psychiatry Res 1986;17:241–246.

53. Newcorn JH, Halperin JM, Healey JM, O'Brien JD, Pascualvaca DM, Wolf LE, Morganstein A, Sharma V, Young JG. Are ADDH and ADHD the same or different? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1989;28:734–738.

54. Oades RD. Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH): the contribution of catecholaminergic activity. Prog Neurobiol 1987;29:365–391.

55. Pandya DN, Karol EA, Heilbronn D. The topographical distribution of interhemispheric projections in the corpus callosum of the rhesus monkey. Brain Res 1971;32:31–43.

56. Pandya DN, Seltzer B. The topography of commissural fibers. In: Lepore F, Ptito M, Jasper HH, eds. Two hemispheres—one brain. New York: Alan R Liss, 1986;47–73.

57. Pierre Gareau JL, Houle B, Leduc F, Bradley WEC, Dobrovic A. A frequent HindIII RFLP on chromosome 3p21-25 detected by a genomic erbAb sequence. Nucleic Acids Res 1988;16:1223.

58. Porrino LJ, Lucignani G, Dow-Edwards D, Sokoloff L. Correlation of dose-dependent effects of acute amphetamine administration on behavior and local cerebral metabolism in rats. Brain Res 1984;307:311–320.

59. Reiss D, Plomin R, Hetherington EM. Genetics and psychiatry: an unheralded window on the environment. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:283–291.

60. Rogeness GA, Javors MA, Pliska SR. Neurochemistry and child and adolescent psychiatry. J Am Acad Child Adolescent Psychiatry 1992;31,5:765–781.

61. Seeman P, Bzowej NH, Guan HC, Bergeron C, Becker LE, Reynolds GP, Bird ED, Riederer P, Jellinger K, Watanabe S, Tourtelotte W. Human brain dopamine receptors in children and aging adults. Synapse 1987;1:399–404.

62. Semrud-Clikeman M, Filipek PA, Biederman J, Steingard R, Kennedy D, Renshaw P, Bekken K. Attention deficit disorder: differences in the corpus callosum by MRI morphometric analysis. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology 1993.

63. Shaywitz BA, Shaywitz SE, Byrne T, Cohen DJ, Rothman S. Attention deficit disorder: quantitative analysis of CT. Neurology 1983;33:1500–1503.

64. Shenker A. The mechanism of action of drugs used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: focus on catecholamine receptor pharmacology. Adv Pediatr 1992;39:337–382.

65. Voeller KKS. Right hemisphere deficit syndrome in children. Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:1004–1009.

66. Voeller KKS. What can neurological models of attention, intention, and arousal tell us about attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder? J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1991;3:209–216.

67. Wechsler LR, Savaki H, Sokoloff L. Effects of d- and l-amphetamine on local cerebral glucose utilization in the conscious rat. J Neurochem 1979;32:15–22.

68. Willerman L. Activity level and hyperactivity in twins. Child Dev 1973;44:288–293.

69. Zametkin AJ, Liebenauer LL, Fitzgerald GA, King AC, Minkunas DV, Herscovitch P, Yamada EM, Cohen RM. Brain metabolism in teenagers with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:333–340.

70. Zametkin AJ, Nordahl TE, Gross M, King AC, Semple WE, Rumsey J, Hamburger S, Cohen RM. Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with hyperactivity of childhood onset. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1361–1366.

71. Zametkin AJ, Rapoport JL. Neurobiology of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: where have we come in 50 years? Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1987;26,5:676–686.