Disordered Sleep :

Developmental and Biopsychosocial Perspectives on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Persistent Insomnia

Charles F. Reynolds III, Daniel J. Buysse, and David J. Kupfer
Sleep and Chronobiology Center
Department of Psychiatry
Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213.


REFERENCES

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd ed. (revised). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1987.

2. Ancoli-Israel S, Kripke DF, Klauber MR, Mason WJ, Fell R, Kaplan O. Sleep disordered breathing in community dwelling elderly. Sleep 1991;14:486–495.

3. Benca RM, Obermeyer WH, Thisted RA, Gillin JC. Sleep and psychiatric disorders: a meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:651–668.

4. Bixler EO, Kales A, Soldatos CR, Kales JD, Healey S. Prevalence of sleep disorders in the Los Angeles metropolitan area. Am J Psychiatry 1979;136:1257–1262.

5. Bliwise D. Sleep in normal aging and dementia. Sleep 1993;16(1):40–81.

6. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Kupfer DJ, et al. EEG sleep in depressive pseudodementia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:568–576.

7. Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Hauri PJ, Roth T, Stepanski EJ, Thorpy MJ, Bixler ED, Kaks A, Manfredi RL, Vgontzas AN, Messiano DA, Houck PR, Kupfer DJ. Diagnostic concordance for sleep disorders using proposed DSM-IV categories: a report from the APA/NIMH/DSM-IV field trial. Am J Psychiatry (in press).

8. Campbell SS, Dawson D. Bright light treatment of sleep disturbance in older subjects. Sleep Res 1991;20:448.

9. Cartwright RD. REM sleep during and after mood-disturbing events. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:197–201.

10. Cartwright RD, Kravitz HM, Eastman CI, Wood E. REM latency and the recovery from depression. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:1530–1535.

11. Coleman RM, Roffwarg HP, Kennedy SJ, et al. Sleep–wake disorders based on a polysomnographic diagnosis; a national cooperative study. JAMA 1982;247:997–1003.

12. Consensus Development Conference. Diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders in late life. National Institutes of Health: Bethesda, MD, 1990.

13. Cook NR, Evans DA, Funkenstein H, et al. Correlates of headache in a population-based cohort of elderly. Arch Neurol 1989;46:1338–1344.

14. Dew MA, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, et al. Psychosocial correlates and sequelae of electroencephalographic sleep in healthy elders. J Gerontol: Psychol Sci 1994;49(1):P8–P18.

15. Diagnostic Classification Steering Committee, Thorpy MJ (Chairman). International classification of sleep disorders: diagnostic and coding manual. Rochester, MN: American Sleep Disorders Association, 1990.

16. Evans RW, Manninen DL, Garrison LP, et al. The quality of life of patients with end-stage renal disease. N Engl J Med 1985; 312:553–559.

17. Fawcett J, Scheftner WA, Fogg L, et al. Time-related predictors of suicide in major affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147(9):1189–1194.

18. Feinberg I, Koresko RL, Heller N. EEG sleep patterns as a function of normal and pathological aging in man. J Psychiatr Res 1967;5:107–144.

19. Ford DE, Kamerow DB. Epidemiologic study of sleep disturbances and psychiatric disorders. JAMA 1989;262:1479–1484.

20. Friedman L, Bliwise DL, Yesarage JA, Salom SR. A preliminary study comparing sleep restriction and relaxation treatments for insomnia in older adults. J Gerontol: Psychol Sci 1991;46:1–8.

21. Ganguli R, Reynolds CF, Kupfer DJ. EEG sleep in young, never-medicated, schizophrenic patients: a comparison with delusional and nondelusional depressives and with healthy controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:36–45.

22. Giles DE, Biggs MM, Rush AJ, Roffwarg HP. Risk factors in families of unipolar depression. I. Psychiatric illness and reduced REM latency. J Affect Disord 1988;14:51–59.

23. Giles DE, Etzel BA, Biggs MM. Risk factors in unipolar depression. II. Relation between proband REM latency and cognitions of relatives. Psychiatry Res 1990;33:39–49.

24. Giles DE, Jarrett RB, Roffwarg HP, Rush AJ. Reduced REM latency: a predictor of recurrence in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 1987;1:33–39.

25. Gillin JC, Byerly WF. The diagnosis and management of insomnia. N Engl J Med 1990;322(4):239–248.

26. He J, Kryger MH, Zorick FJ, Conway W, Roth T. Mortality and apnea index in obstructive sleep apnea, experience in 385 male patients. Chest 1988;94(1):9–14.

27. Hoch CC, Reynolds CF, Houck PR, et al. Predicting mortality in mixed depression and dementia using EEG sleep variables. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci 1989;1:366–371.

28. Hyyppa MT, Kronholm E. Quality of sleep and chronic illness. J Clin Epidemiol 1989;42(7):633–638.

29. Institute of Medicine Panel on Basic Sleep Research. Basic sleep research—research briefing. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1990.

30. Jacobs EA, Reynolds CF, Kupfer DJ, Lovin PA, Ehrenpreis AB. The role of polysomnography in the differential diagnosis of chronic insomnia. Am J Psychiatry 1988;145:346–349.

31. Janowsky DS, Risch SD. Role of acetylcholine mechanisms in the affective disorders. In: Meltzer HY, ed. Psychopharmacology: the third generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, 1987;527–533.

32. Kales A, Caldwell A, Preston TA, Healey S, Kales JD. Personality patterns in insomnia: theoretical implications. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976;33:1128–1134.

33. Karacan I, Thornby JI, Williams RL. Sleep disturbance: a community survey. In: Guilleminault C, Lugaresi E, eds. Sleep/wake disorders: natural history, epidemiology, and long-term evolution. New York: Raven Press, 1983;37–60.

34. Kennedy GJ, Kelman HR, Thomas C. Persistence and remission of depressive symptoms in late life. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148(2): 174–178.

35. Knowles JB, MacLean AW. Age-related changes in sleep in depressed and healthy subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 1990; 3:251–259.

36. Kripke DF, Ancoli-Israel S, Mason WJ, Kaplan O. Sleep apnea: association with deviant sleep durations and increased mortality. In: Guilleminault C, Partinen M, eds. Sleep apnea syndrome: clinical research and treatment. New York: Raven Press, 1990;9–14.

37. Kupfer DJ, Frank E, McEachran AB, Grochocinski VJ. Delta sleep ratio: a biological correlate of early recurrence in unipolar affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:1100–1105.

38. Kupfer DJ, Reynolds CF. Sleep and affective disorders. In: Paykel ES, ed. Handbook of affective disorders, 2nd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992;311–323.

39. Kupfer DJ, Reynolds CF. Sleep and psychiatric disorders: a meta-analysis. Comment in Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:669–670.

40. Mant A, Eyland EA. Sleep patterns and problems in elderly general practice attenders: an Australian survey. Community Health Stud 1988;12(2):192–199.

41. Mellinger GD, Balter MB, Uhlenhuth EH. Insomnia and its treatment: prevalence and correlates. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985; 42:225–232.

42. Meltzer HY, Lowy MT. The serotonin hypothesis of depression. In: Meltzer HY, ed. Psychopharmacology: the third generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, 1987;513–526.

43. Morin C, Gramling SE. Sleep patterns and coping: comparison of older adults with and without insomnia complaints. Psychol Aging 1989;4:290–294.

44. Pasternak RE, Reynolds CF, Hoch CC, et al. Sleep in spousally bereaved elders with subsyndromal depressive symptoms. Psychiatry Res 1992;43:43–53.

45. Pollak CP, Perlick D, Linsner JP, Wenston J, Hsieh F. Sleep problems in the community elderly as predictors of death and nursing home placement. J Community Health 1990;15:123–135.

46. Prinz PN, Halter J, Benedetti C, Raskind M. Circadian variation of plasma catecholamines in young and old men: relation to rapid eye movements and slow wave sleep. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1979;49:300–304.

47. Prinz PN, Vitiello MV, Raskin MA, Thorpy MJ. Geriatrics: sleep disorders and aging. N Engl J Med 1990;323:520–526.

48. Rabins PV, Mace NL, Lucas MJ. The impact of dementia on the family. JAMA 1982;248:333–335.

49. Reite M, Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Mendelson WB. The use of polysomnography in the evaluation of insomnia. Prepared by the Standards of Practice Committee of The American Sleep Disorders Association, 1993.

50. Reynolds CF, Dew MA, Monk TH, Hoch CC. Sleep disorders in late life: a biopsychosocial model for understanding pathogenesis and intervention. In: Cummings J, Coffey CE, eds. Textbook of geriatric neuropsychiatry. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1994;323–331.

51. Reynolds CF, Hoch CC, Buysse DJ, et al. EEG sleep in spousal bereavement and bereavement-related depression of late life. Biol Psychiatry 1992;31:69–82.

52. Reynolds CF, Hoch CC, Buysse DJ, et al. Sleep after spousal bereavement: a study of recovery from stress. Biol Psychiatry 1993;34:791–797.

53. Reynolds CF, Kupfer DJ, Buysse DJ, Coble PA, Yeager AL. Sub-typing DSM-III-R "primary" insomnia: usefulness, reliability, and validity. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148(4):432–439.

54. Reynolds CF, Kupfer DJ, Houck PR, et al. Reliable discrimination of elderly depressed and demented patients by EEG sleep data. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:258–264.

55. Rodin J, McAvay G, Timko C. A longitudinal study of depressed mood and sleep disturbances in elderly adults. J Gerontol 1988;43:45–53.

56. Rosen J, Reynolds CF, Yeager AL, Houck PR, Hurwitz L. Sleep disturbance in survivors of the Nazi Holocaust. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148(1):62–66.

57. Ross RJ, Ball WA, Sullivan KA, Caroff SN. Sleep disturbance as the hallmark of post-traumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146(6):697–707.

58. Roth T, Kramer M, Trinder J. The effect of noise during sleep on the sleep patterns of different age groups. Can Psychiatr Assoc J 1972;17:197–201.

59. Rowe JW, Kahn RL. Human aging: usual and successful. Science 1987;237:143–149.

60. Sanford JRA. Tolerance of debility in elderly dependents by supports at home: significance for hospital practice. Br Med J 1975;3:471–473.

61. Schramm E, Hohagen F, Grasshoff U, et al. Test–retest reliability and validity of a structured interview for sleep disorders according to DSM-III-R (SIS-D). Am J Psychiatry 1993;150(6):857–858.

62. Sleep Disorders Classification Committee, Roffwarg HP (Chairman), Association of Sleep Disorders Centers. Diagnostic classification of sleep and arousal disorders, 1st ed. Sleep 1979;2:1–137.

63. Spielman AJ, Saskin P, Thorpy MJ. Treatment of chronic insomnia by restriction of time in bed. Sleep 1987;10:45–56.

64. Tan TL, Kales JD, Kales A, Soldatos CR, Bixler EO. Biopsychobehavioral correlates of insomnia, IV: Diagnosis based on DSM-III. Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:357–362.

65. van Kammen DP, van Kammen WB, Peters J, Goetz K, Neyland T. Decreased slow wave sleep and enlarged lateral ventricles in schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1988;1:265–271.

66. Vettorello N, Pincus HA. DSM-IV sleep algorithm. Office of Research, American Psychiatric Association, 1993.

67. Vitiello MV, Prinz PN, Avery DH, et al. Sleep is undisturbed in elderly, depressed individuals who have not sought care. Biol Psychiatry 1990;27:431–440.

68. Vitiello MV, Schwartz RS, Bradbury VL, Abrass IB, Stratton JR, Prinz PN. Improved subjective sleep quality following fitness training in healthy elderly males. Sleep Res 1990;19:154.

69. Vollrath M, Wicki W, Angst J. The Zurich study. VIII. Insomnia: association with depression, anxiety, somatic syndromes, and course of insomnia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci 1989;239(2):113–124.

70. Wauquier A, Van Sweden B, Lagaay AM, Kamphuisen HAC. Ambulatory monitoring of sleep–wakefulness patterns in healthy elderly males and females. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992;40:109–114.

71. Welstein L, Dement WC, Redington D, Guilleminault C, Mitler MM. Insomnia in the San Francisco Bay area: a telephone survey. In: Guilleminault C, Lugaresi E, eds. Sleep/wake disorders: natural history, epidemiology, and long-term evolution. New York: Raven Press, 1983;73–85.

72. Williams JBW, Gibbon M, First MB, et al. The structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). II. Multisite test–retest reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:630–636.

73. Williams RL, Karacan I, Hursch CJ. EEG of human sleep: clinical applications. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1974.

74. Wittig RM, Zorick FJ, Blumer D, Heilbronn M, Roth T. Disturbed sleep in patients complaining of chronic pain. J Nerv Ment Dis 1982;170:429–431.

75. Wu JC, Gillin JC, Buchsbaum MS, Hershey T, Johnson JC, Bunney WE. Effect of sleep deprivation on brain metabolism of depressed patients. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149(4):538–543.

76. Zepelin H, McDonald CS. Age differences in autonomic variables during sleep. J Gerontol 1987;42:142–146.

77. Zepelin H, McDonald CS, Zammit GK. Effects of age on auditory awakening thresholds. J Gerontol 1984;39:294–300.

78. Zepelin H, Morgan LE. Correlates of sleep disturbance in retirees. Sleep Res 1981;10:120.

Back to Chapter

published 2000