Parkinson's Disease
Amos D. Korczyn
Sackler Faculty of Medicine
Tel Aviv University
Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel.
REFERENCES
1. Abrams R, Douvon R, Serby M, Klutchoko B, Rotrosen J. ECT and Parkinson's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:451-455.
2. Alexander GE, DeLong, MR, Strick, PL. Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Ann Rev Neurosci 1986;9:357-381.
3. Ben Shachar D, Riederer P, Youdim MBH. Iron melanin interaction and lipid peroxidation: implication for Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 1991;57:1609-1614.
4. Bergman H, Wichmann T, DeLong MR. Reversal of experimental parkinsonism by lesions of the subthalamic nucleus. Science 1990;249:1436-1438.
5. Bhatt MH, Snow BJ, Martin WRW, Pate BD, Calne DB. Positron emission tomography suggests that the rate of progression of idiopathic parkinsonism is slow. Ann Neurol 1991;29:673-677.
6. Cederbaum JM, Gardy SE, McDowell FH. "Early" initiation of levodopa treatment does not promote the development of motor response fluctuations, dyskinesias or dementia in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1991;41:622-629.
7. Clough CG. Parkinson's disease: management. Lancet 1991; 337:1324-1327.
8. Cummings JL. Depression and Parkinson's disease: review. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:443-454.
9. Diamond SG, Markham CH, Hoehn MM, McDowell FH, Muenter MD. Multicenter study of Parkinson mortality with early versus later dopa treatment. Ann Neurol 1987;22:8-12.
10. Elizan TS, Moros DA, Yahr MD. Early combination of selegiline and low-dose levodopa as initial symptomatic therapy in Parkinson's disease. Arch Neurol 1991;48:31-34.
11. Faber R, Trimble MR. Electroconclusive therapy in Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders. Mov Disord 1991;6:293-303.
12. Flash T, Inzelberg R, Schechtman E, Korczyn AD. Kinematic analysis of upper limb trajectories in Parkinson's disease. Exper Neurol 1992;118:215-226.
13. Forno LS, Langston JW. Unfavourable outcome of adrenal medullary transplant for Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 1991; 81:691-694.
14. Frankel JP, Lees AJ, Kempster PA, Stern GM. Subcutaneous apomorphine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1990;53:96.
15. Freed WJ, Wyatt RJ. In: Meltzer HY, ed: Psychopharmacology: the third generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, 1987;471-479.
16. Friedman JH, Lannon MC. Clozapine in the treatment of psychosis in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1989;39:1219-1221.
17. Goetz CG, De Long MR, Penn RD, Bakay AE. Neurosurgical horizons in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1993;43:1-7.
18. Golbe JI. Deprenyl as symptomatic therapy in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol 1988;11:387-400.
19. Hornykiewicz O. Neurochemical pathology and the etiology of Parkinson's disease: basic facts and hypothetical possibilities. Mt Sinai J Med 1988;55:11-20.
20. Hughes AJ, Bishop S, Lees A, Stern GM, Webster R, Bovingdon M. Rectal apomorphine in Parkinson's disease. Lancet 1991;337:118.
21. Inzelberg R, Bornstein NM, Reider I, Korczyn AD. Basal ganglia lacunes and parkinsonism. Neuroepidemiol 1994;13:108-112.
22. Jouvent R, Abensour P, Bonnet AM, et al. Antiparkinsonian and antidepressant effects of high doses of bromocriptine. J Affect Disord 1983;5:141-145.
23. Karstaedt PJ, Pincus JH. Protein redistribution diet remains effective in patients with fluctuating parkinsonism. Arch Neurol 1992;49: 149-151.
24. Koller WC. How accurately can Parkinson's disease be diagnosed? Neurology 1992;42(Suppl 1):6-16.
25. Korczyn AD. Pathophysiology of drug-induced dyskinesias. Neuropharmacol 1973;11:601-607.
26. Korczyn AD. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. In: Calne DB, ed. Parkinsonism and aging. New York: Raven Press, 1989;211-219.
27. Kostic V, Przedborski S, Flaster E, Sternic N. Early development of levodopa-induced dyskinesias and response fluctuations in young onset Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1991;41:202-205.
28. Landau WM. Pyramid sale in the bucket shop: datatop bottoms out. Neurology 1990;40:1337-1339.
29. Lees AJ, Montastruc JL, Turjanski N, Rascol O, Kleedorfer B. Sublingual apomorphine and Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989;52:1440.
30. LeWitt P. Controlled-release carbidopa/levedopa (Sinemet 50/200 CR4): Clinical and pharmacokinetic studies. Neurology 1989;39 (Suppl 2):45.
31. McCance-Katz E, Marek KL, Price LH. Serotonergic dysfunction in depression associated with Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1992;42:1813-1814.
32. Mannisto PT, Kaakola S. Rationale for selective COMT inhibitors as adjuncts in the drug treatment of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Toxicol 1993;66:317-323.
33. Marsden CD. The mysterious motor function of the basal ganglia. Neurology 1982;32:514-539.
34. Mayeux R, Stern Y, Sano M, Williams JBW, Cote LJ. The relationship of serotonin to depression in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 1988;3:237-244.
35. Nutt JG, William R, Woodward WR, Hammerstad JP, Carter JH, Anderson JL. The "on-off" phenomenon in Parkinson's disease. Relation to levodopa absorption and transport. New Engl J Med 1984;310:483-488.
36. Nutt JG, Woodward WR, Carter JH, Gancher ST. Effect of long term therapy on the pharmacodynamics of levodopa. Arch Neurol 1992;49:1123-1130.
37. Olanow CW, Calne DB. Does selegiline monotherapy in Parkinson's disease act by symptomatic on protective mechanisms? Neurology 1992;42(Suppl 4):13-26.
38. Paulus W, Jellinger K. The neuropathological basis of different clinical subgroups of Parkinson's disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1991;50:743-755.
39. Rabey JM, Nissipeanu P, Inzelberg R, Korczyn AD. Beneficial effect of cabergoline, a new long-lasting D2 agonist in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clin Neuropharmacol 1994;17:286-293.
40. Rabey JM, Nisipeanu P, Korczyn AD. Efficacy of memantine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm 1992;4:277-282.
41. Rabey JM, Streiffler M, Treves T, Korczyn AD. The beneficial effect of chronic lisuride administration compared with levodopa in Parkinson's disease. In: Streifler MB, Korczyn AD, Melamed E, Youdim MBH, eds, Advances in Neurology, vol. 53: Parkinson's disease: anatomy, pathology and therapy. New York: Raven Press, 1990;451-455.
42. Rinne UK. Early dopamine agonist therapy in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 1989;4:86-94.
43. Rinne JO, Ryotta M, Paljarvi L, Rummukainen J, Rinne U. Selgiline (deprenyl) treatment and death of nigral neurons in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1991;41:859-861.
44. Sage JI. Long term duodenal infusion of levodopa for motor fluctuations in parkinsonism. Ann Neurol 1988;24:87-89.
45. Sage JI, McHale DM, Sonsalla P, Vitagliano D, Heikkila RE. Continuous levodopa infusions to treat complex dystonia in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1989;39:888-891.
46. Scherman D, Desnos C, Darchem F, Pollack P, Javoy-Agid F, Agid Y. Striatal dopamine deficiency in Parkinson's disease: role of aging. Ann Neurol 1989;26:551-557.
47. Sonsalla PK, Nicklas J, Heikkila RE. Role for excitatory amino acids in methamphetamine induced nigrostriatal dopaminergic toxicity. Science 1989;247:398-400.
48. Stevenson GB, Heafield MTE, Waring RH, Williams AC. Xenobiotic metabolism in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1989;39:883-887.
49. Stroessl AJ. The prevention and management of late stage complications in Parkinson's disease. Can J Neurol Sci 1992;19:113-116.
50. Tanner CM, Langston JW. Do environmental toxins cause Parkinson's disease? A critical review. Neurology 1990;40(Suppl 3):17-30.
51. The Parkinson Study Group. Effect of deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's disease. New Engl J Med 1989;321:1364-1371.
52. The Parkinson Study Group. Effects of tocopherol and deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson's disease. New Engl J Med 1993;328:176-183.
53. Vaamonde J, Luquin MR, Obeso JA. Subcutaneous lisuride infusions in Parkinson's disease. Response to chronic administration in 34 patients. Brain 1991;114:601-614.
54. Weiner WJ, Factor SA, Sanchez-Ramos, JR. Early combination therapy (bromocriptine and levodopa) does not prevent motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1993;43:21-27.
55. Widner H, Rechcronal S. Transplantation and surgical treatment of Parkinsonian syndromes. Curr Opin Neurol Neurosurg 1993;6: 344-349.
56. Yahr MD, Duvoisin RS, Schear MK, Barre HRE, Hoehn MM. Treatment of parkinsonism and levodopa. Arch Neurol 1969; 21:343-354.
published 2000