1. Akbarian S, Bunney WE Jr, Potkin SG, et al. Altered distribution of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase cells in frontal lobe of schizophrenics implies disturbances of cortical development. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:169–177.

2. Akbarian S, Viñuela A, Kim JJ, Potkin SG, Bunney WE Jr, Jones EG. Distorted distribution of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase neurons in temporal lobe of schizophrenics implies anomalous cortical development. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:178–187.

3. Altshuler LL, Casanova MF, Goldberg TE, Kleinman JE. The hippocampus and parahippocampus in schizophrenic, suicide, and control brains. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:1029–1034.

4. Altshuler LL, Conrad A, Kovelman JA, Scheibel A. Hippocampal pyramidal cell orientation in schizophrenia. A controlled neurohistologic study of the Yakovlev collection. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:1094–1098.

5. Arnold SE, Hyman BT, van Hoesen GW, Damasio AR. Some cytoarchitectural abnormalities of the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:625–632.

6. Asarnow JR. Children at risk for schizophrenia: converging lines of evidence. Schizophr Bull 1988;14:613–631.

7. Barr CE, Mednick SA, Munk-Jorgensen P. Exposure to influenza epidemics during gestation and adult schizophrenia. A 40-year study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:869–874.

8. Bartley AJ, Jones DW, Torrey EF, Zigun JR, Weinberger DR. Sylvian fissure asymmetries in monozygotic twins: a test of laterality in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1993;34:853–863.

9. Beauregard M, Malkova L, Bachevalier J. Is schizophrenia a result of early damage to the hippocampal formation? A behavioral study in primates. Soc Neurosci Abst 1992;18:872.

10. Beckmann H, Jakob H. Prenatal disturbances of nerve cell migration in the entorhinal region: a common vulnerability factor in functional psychoses? J Neural Transm 1991;84:155–164.

11. Benes FM. Myelination of cortical-hippocampal relays during late adolescence. Schizophr Bull 1989;15:585–593.

12. Benes FM, McSparren J, Bird ED, SanGiovanni JP, Vincent SL. Deficits in small interneurons in prefrontal and cingulate cortices of schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:996–1001.

13. Berman KF, Weinberger DR. Functional localization in the brain in schizophrenia. In: Tasman A, Goldfinger SM, ed. American Psychiatric Press review of psychiatry. Vol 10. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1991:5–6, 136–137.

14. Bogerts B. Limbic and paralimbic pathology in schizophrenia: interaction with age- and stress-related factors. In: Schulz SC, Tamminga CA, eds. Schizophrenia: scientific progress. New York: Oxford University Press; 1989:216–226.

15. Bogerts B, Ashtari M, Degreef G, Alvir JMJ, Bilder RM, Lieberman JA. Reduced temporal limbic structure volumes on magnetic resonance images in first episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimag 1990;35:1–13.

16. Bunney WE Jr, Akbarian S, Kim JJ, Hagman JO, Potkin SG, Jones EG. Gene expression for glutamic acid decarboxylase is reduced in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics. Neurosci Abst 1993;19:199.

17. Cannon TD, Mednick SA, Parnas J, Schulsinger F, Praestholm J, Vestergaard A. Developmental brain abnormalities in the offspring of schizophrenic mothers. I. Contributions of genetic and perinatal factors. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:551–564.

18. Christison GW, Casanova MF, Weinberger DR, Rawlings R, Kleinman JE. A quantitative investigation of hippocampal pyramidal cell size, shape, and variability of orientation in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:1027–1032.

19. Conrad AJ, Abebe T, Austin R, Forsythe S, Scheibel AB. Hippocampal pyramidal cell disarray in schizophrenia as a bilateral phenomenon. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:413–417.

20. Crow TJ, Ball J, Bloom SR, et al. Schizophrenia as an anomaly of development of cerebral asymmetry. A postmortem study and a proposal concerning the genetic basis of the disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:1145–1150.

21. Crow TJ, Done DJ. Prenatal exposure to influenza does not cause schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1992;161:390–393.

22. Daniel DG, Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR. Lack of a bimodal distribution of ventricular size in patients with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1991;30:887–903.

23. DeLisi LE, Dauphinais ID, Gershon ES. Perinatal complications and reduced size of brain limbic structures in familial schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1988;14:185–191.

24. DeLisi LE, Hoff AL, Schwartz JE, Shields GW, et al. Brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenic-like psychotic patients: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 1991;29:159–175.

25. Eagles JM, Gibson I, Bremner MH, Clunie F, Ebmeier KP, Smith NC. Obstetric complications in DSM-III schizophrenics and their siblings. Lancet 1990;335:1139–1141.

26. Erel O, Cannon TD, Hollister JM, Mednick SA, Parnas J. Ventricular enlargement and premorbid deficits in school-occupational attainment in a high risk sample. Schizophr Res 1991;4:49–52.

27. Erlenmeyer-Kimling L. High risk research in schizophrenia: a summary of what has been learned. J Psychiatr Res 1987;21:401–411.

28. Falkai P, Bogerts B, Greve B, et al. Loss of sylvian fissure asymmetry in schizophrenia. A quantitative postmortem study. Schizophr Res 1992;7:23–32.

29. Falkai P, Bogerts B, Rozumek M. Limbic pathology in schizophrenia: the entorhinal region—a morphometric study. Biol Psychiatry 1988;24:515–521.

30. Feinberg I. Schizophrenia: caused by a fault in programmed synaptic elimination during adolescence? J Psychiat Res 1982;17:319–334.

31. Fish B, Marcus J, Hans SL, Auerbach JG, Perdue S. Infants at risk for schizophrenia: sequelae of a genetic neurointegrative defect. A review and replication analysis of pandysmaturation in the Jerusalem infant development study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:221–235.

32. Goldberg TE, Gold JM, Braff DL. Neuropsychological functioning and time-linked information processing in schizophrenia. In: Tasman A, Goldfinger SM, eds. American Psychiatric Press: review of psychiatry. Vol 10. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1991:60–78.

33. Goldman PS. Functional development of the prefrontal cortex in early life and the problem of neuronal plasticity. Exp Neurol 1971;32:366–387.

34. Goodman R. Are complications of pregnancy and birth causes of schizophrenia? Devel Med Child Neurol 1988;30:391–395.

35. Heckers S, Heinsen H, Heinsen YC, Beckmann H. Limbic structures and lateral ventricle in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:1016–1022.

36. Hyde TM, Ziegler JC, Weinberger DR. Psychiatric disturbances in metachromatic leukodystrophy: insight into the neurobiology of psychosis. Arch Neurology 1992;49:401–406.

37. Jakob H, Beckmann H. Prenatal developmental disturbances in the limbic allocortex in schizophrenics. J Neural Transm 1986;65:303–326.

38. Jaskiw GE, Juliano DM, Goldberg TE, Hertzman M, Urow-Hamell E, Weinberger DR. Cerebral ventricular enlargement in schizophreniform disorder does not progress—a seven year follow-up study. Schizophr Res [in press].

39. Jeste DV, Lohr JB. Hippocampal pathologic findings in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:1019–1024.

40. Keefe RSE, Mohs RC, Losonczy MF, et al. Premorbid sociosexual functioning and long-term outcome in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:206–211.

41. Kendell RE, Kemp IW. Influenza and schizophrenia: Helsinki vs Edinburgh. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:877–878.

42. Kendell RE, Kemp IW. Maternal influenza in the etiology of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:878–882.

43. Kovelman JA, Scheibel AB. A neurohistological correlate of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1984;19:1601–1621.

44. Kulynych JJ, Vladar K, Fantie BD, Jones DW, Weinberger DR. Normal asymmetry of the planum temporale in patients with schizophrenia: three-dimensional cortical morphometry with MRI. Br J Psychiatry [in press].

45. Lipska BK, Jaskiw GE, Weinberger DR. Postpubertal emergence of augmented exploration and amphetamine supersensitivity after neonatal deeferentation of the rat ventral hippocampus: a potential animal model of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacol 1993; 9:67–75.

46. Lipska BK, Weinberger DR. Cortical regulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system: implications for schizophrenia. In: Kalivas PW, ed. The mesolimbic motor circuit and its role in neuropsychiatric disorders. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1993:329–349.

47. McCreadie RG, Hall DJ, Berry IJ, Robertson LJ, Ewing JI, Geals MF. The Nithsdale schizophrenia surveys. X: obstetric complications, family history and abnormal movements. Br J Psychiatry 1992;161:799–805.

48. McNeil TF. Obstetric factors and perinatal injuries. In: Tsuang MT, Simpson JC, eds. Nosology, Epidemiology and Genetics. New York: Elsevier Science Publishers; 1988:319–344. (Handbook of Schizophrenia, vol. 3).

49. Mednick SA, Cannon TD, Barr CE, Lyon M, eds. Fetal neural development and adult schizophrenia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1991.

50. Mednick SA, Machon RA, Huttunen MO, Bonett D. Adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:189–192.

51. Mednick SA, Silverton L. High risk studies of the etiology of schizophrenia. In: Tsuang MT, Simpson JC, eds. Nosology, Epidemiology and Genetics of Schizophrenia. New York: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1988:543–562. (Handbook of Schizophrenia, vol. 3).

52. Murray RM, O'Callaghan E, Castle DJ, Lewis SW. A neurodevelopmental approach to the classification of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1992;18:319–332.

53. O'Callaghan E, Sham P, Takei N, Glover G, Murray RM. Schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to 1957 A2 influenza epidemic. Lancet 1991;337:1248–1250.

54. Onstad S, Skre I, Torgersen S, Kringlen E. Birthweight and obstetric complications in schizophrenic twins. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992;85:70–73.

55. Pakkenberg B. Post-mortem study of chronic schizophrenic brains. Br J Psychiatry 1987;151:744–752.

56. Parnas J, Schulsinger F, Teasdale TW, Schulsinger H, Feldman PM, Mednick SA. Perinatal complications and clinical outcome within the schizophrenia spectrum. Br J Psychiatry 1982;140:416–420.

57. Pollack M, Woerner MG, Goodman W, Greenberg IM. Childhood development patterns of hospitalized adult schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic patients and their siblings. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1966;36:510–517.

58. Pollin W, Stabeneau JR. Biological, psychological and historical differences in a series of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. In: Rosenthal D, Kety S, eds. The Transmission of Schizophrenia. New York: Pergamon Press; 1968:317–322.

59. Reveley AM, Reveley MA, Murray RM. Cerebral ventricular enlargement of non-genetic schizophrenia: A controlled twin study. Br J Psychiatry 1984;144:89–93.

60. Roberts GW, Colter N, Lofthouse R, Bogerts B, Zech M, Crow TJ. Gliosis in schizophrenia: a survey. Biol Psychiatry 1986;21:1043–1050.

61. Rossi A, Stratta P, Mattei P, et al. Planum temporale in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance study. Schizophr Res 1992;7:19–22.

62. Sham PC, O'Callaghan E, Takei N, Murray GK, Hare EH, Murray RM. Schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to influenza epidemics between 1939 and 1960. Br J Psychiatry 1992;160:461–466.

63. Shelton R, Weinberger DR. Brain morphology in schizophrenia. In: Meltzer H, Bunney W, Coyle J, David K, Schuster R, Shader R, Simpson G, eds. Psychopharmacology: the third generation of progress. New York: Raven Press; 1987:773–781.

64. Shenton ME, Kirkinis R, Jolesz FA, et al. Abnormalities of the left temporal lobe and thought disorder in schizophrenia. A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. N Engl J Med 1992;327:604–612.

65. Stevens JR. Abnormal reinnervation as a basis for schizophrenia: a hypothesis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:238–243.

66. Suddath RL, Christison GW, Torrey EF, Weinberger DR. Cerebral anatomical abnormalities in monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 1990;322:789–794.

67. Susser ES, Lin SP. Schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to the Dutch hunger winter of 1944–1945. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49: 983–988.

68. Torrey EF, Bowler AE, Taylor EH, Gottesman II. Schizophrenia and manic depression disorders: the biological roots of mental illness as revealed by a landmark study of identical twins. New York: Basic Books [in press]

69. Torrey EF, Rawlings R, Waldman IN. Schizophrenic births and viral diseases in two states. Schizophr Res 1988;1:73–77.

70. Walker E, Lewine RJ. Prediction of adult-onset schizophrenia from childhood home movies of the patients. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:1052–1056.

71. Weinberger DR. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:660–669.

72. Weinberger DR, Berman KF, Suddath R, Torrey EF. Evidence for dysfunction of a prefrontal-limbic network in schizophrenia: an MRI and rCBF study of discordant monozygotic twins. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:890–897.

73. Woerner MG, Pollack M, Klein DF. Pregnancy and birth complications in psychiatric patients: A comparison of schizophrenic and personality disorder patients with their siblings. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1973;49:712–721.

74. Zigun J, Weinberger DR. In vivo studies of brain morphology in patients with schizophrenia. In: Lindenmayer J-P, Kay SR, eds. New biological vistas on schizophrenia. New York: Brunner Mazel; 1992:57–81.

1. Akbarian S, Bunney WE Jr, Potkin SG, et al. Altered distribution of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase cells in frontal lobe of schizophrenics implies disturbances of cortical development. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:169–177.

2. Akbarian S, Viñuela A, Kim JJ, Potkin SG, Bunney WE Jr, Jones EG. Distorted distribution of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase neurons in temporal lobe of schizophrenics implies anomalous cortical development. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:178–187.

3. Altshuler LL, Casanova MF, Goldberg TE, Kleinman JE. The hippocampus and parahippocampus in schizophrenic, suicide, and control brains. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:1029–1034.

4. Altshuler LL, Conrad A, Kovelman JA, Scheibel A. Hippocampal pyramidal cell orientation in schizophrenia. A controlled neurohistologic study of the Yakovlev collection. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:1094–1098.

5. Arnold SE, Hyman BT, van Hoesen GW, Damasio AR. Some cytoarchitectural abnormalities of the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:625–632.

6. Asarnow JR. Children at risk for schizophrenia: converging lines of evidence. Schizophr Bull 1988;14:613–631.

7. Barr CE, Mednick SA, Munk-Jorgensen P. Exposure to influenza epidemics during gestation and adult schizophrenia. A 40-year study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:869–874.

8. Bartley AJ, Jones DW, Torrey EF, Zigun JR, Weinberger DR. Sylvian fissure asymmetries in monozygotic twins: a test of laterality in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1993;34:853–863.

9. Beauregard M, Malkova L, Bachevalier J. Is schizophrenia a result of early damage to the hippocampal formation? A behavioral study in primates. Soc Neurosci Abst 1992;18:872.

10. Beckmann H, Jakob H. Prenatal disturbances of nerve cell migration in the entorhinal region: a common vulnerability factor in functional psychoses? J Neural Transm 1991;84:155–164.

11. Benes FM. Myelination of cortical-hippocampal relays during late adolescence. Schizophr Bull 1989;15:585–593.

12. Benes FM, McSparren J, Bird ED, SanGiovanni JP, Vincent SL. Deficits in small interneurons in prefrontal and cingulate cortices of schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:996–1001.

13. Berman KF, Weinberger DR. Functional localization in the brain in schizophrenia. In: Tasman A, Goldfinger SM, ed. American Psychiatric Press review of psychiatry. Vol 10. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1991:5–6, 136–137.

14. Bogerts B. Limbic and paralimbic pathology in schizophrenia: interaction with age- and stress-related factors. In: Schulz SC, Tamminga CA, eds. Schizophrenia: scientific progress. New York: Oxford University Press; 1989:216–226.

15. Bogerts B, Ashtari M, Degreef G, Alvir JMJ, Bilder RM, Lieberman JA. Reduced temporal limbic structure volumes on magnetic resonance images in first episode schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimag 1990;35:1–13.

16. Bunney WE Jr, Akbarian S, Kim JJ, Hagman JO, Potkin SG, Jones EG. Gene expression for glutamic acid decarboxylase is reduced in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics. Neurosci Abst 1993;19:199.

17. Cannon TD, Mednick SA, Parnas J, Schulsinger F, Praestholm J, Vestergaard A. Developmental brain abnormalities in the offspring of schizophrenic mothers. I. Contributions of genetic and perinatal factors. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:551–564.

18. Christison GW, Casanova MF, Weinberger DR, Rawlings R, Kleinman JE. A quantitative investigation of hippocampal pyramidal cell size, shape, and variability of orientation in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:1027–1032.

19. Conrad AJ, Abebe T, Austin R, Forsythe S, Scheibel AB. Hippocampal pyramidal cell disarray in schizophrenia as a bilateral phenomenon. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:413–417.

20. Crow TJ, Ball J, Bloom SR, et al. Schizophrenia as an anomaly of development of cerebral asymmetry. A postmortem study and a proposal concerning the genetic basis of the disease. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:1145–1150.

21. Crow TJ, Done DJ. Prenatal exposure to influenza does not cause schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1992;161:390–393.

22. Daniel DG, Goldberg TE, Weinberger DR. Lack of a bimodal distribution of ventricular size in patients with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1991;30:887–903.

23. DeLisi LE, Dauphinais ID, Gershon ES. Perinatal complications and reduced size of brain limbic structures in familial schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1988;14:185–191.

24. DeLisi LE, Hoff AL, Schwartz JE, Shields GW, et al. Brain morphology in first-episode schizophrenic-like psychotic patients: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 1991;29:159–175.

25. Eagles JM, Gibson I, Bremner MH, Clunie F, Ebmeier KP, Smith NC. Obstetric complications in DSM-III schizophrenics and their siblings. Lancet 1990;335:1139–1141.

26. Erel O, Cannon TD, Hollister JM, Mednick SA, Parnas J. Ventricular enlargement and premorbid deficits in school-occupational attainment in a high risk sample. Schizophr Res 1991;4:49–52.

27. Erlenmeyer-Kimling L. High risk research in schizophrenia: a summary of what has been learned. J Psychiatr Res 1987;21:401–411.

28. Falkai P, Bogerts B, Greve B, et al. Loss of sylvian fissure asymmetry in schizophrenia. A quantitative postmortem study. Schizophr Res 1992;7:23–32.

29. Falkai P, Bogerts B, Rozumek M. Limbic pathology in schizophrenia: the entorhinal region—a morphometric study. Biol Psychiatry 1988;24:515–521.

30. Feinberg I. Schizophrenia: caused by a fault in programmed synaptic elimination during adolescence? J Psychiat Res 1982;17:319–334.

31. Fish B, Marcus J, Hans SL, Auerbach JG, Perdue S. Infants at risk for schizophrenia: sequelae of a genetic neurointegrative defect. A review and replication analysis of pandysmaturation in the Jerusalem infant development study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:221–235.

32. Goldberg TE, Gold JM, Braff DL. Neuropsychological functioning and time-linked information processing in schizophrenia. In: Tasman A, Goldfinger SM, eds. American Psychiatric Press: review of psychiatry. Vol 10. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1991:60–78.

33. Goldman PS. Functional development of the prefrontal cortex in early life and the problem of neuronal plasticity. Exp Neurol 1971;32:366–387.

34. Goodman R. Are complications of pregnancy and birth causes of schizophrenia? Devel Med Child Neurol 1988;30:391–395.

35. Heckers S, Heinsen H, Heinsen YC, Beckmann H. Limbic structures and lateral ventricle in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:1016–1022.

36. Hyde TM, Ziegler JC, Weinberger DR. Psychiatric disturbances in metachromatic leukodystrophy: insight into the neurobiology of psychosis. Arch Neurology 1992;49:401–406.

37. Jakob H, Beckmann H. Prenatal developmental disturbances in the limbic allocortex in schizophrenics. J Neural Transm 1986;65:303–326.

38. Jaskiw GE, Juliano DM, Goldberg TE, Hertzman M, Urow-Hamell E, Weinberger DR. Cerebral ventricular enlargement in schizophreniform disorder does not progress—a seven year follow-up study. Schizophr Res [in press].

39. Jeste DV, Lohr JB. Hippocampal pathologic findings in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:1019–1024.

40. Keefe RSE, Mohs RC, Losonczy MF, et al. Premorbid sociosexual functioning and long-term outcome in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:206–211.

41. Kendell RE, Kemp IW. Influenza and schizophrenia: Helsinki vs Edinburgh. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:877–878.

42. Kendell RE, Kemp IW. Maternal influenza in the etiology of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:878–882.

43. Kovelman JA, Scheibel AB. A neurohistological correlate of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1984;19:1601–1621.

44. Kulynych JJ, Vladar K, Fantie BD, Jones DW, Weinberger DR. Normal asymmetry of the planum temporale in patients with schizophrenia: three-dimensional cortical morphometry with MRI. Br J Psychiatry [in press].

45. Lipska BK, Jaskiw GE, Weinberger DR. Postpubertal emergence of augmented exploration and amphetamine supersensitivity after neonatal deeferentation of the rat ventral hippocampus: a potential animal model of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacol 1993; 9:67–75.

46. Lipska BK, Weinberger DR. Cortical regulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system: implications for schizophrenia. In: Kalivas PW, ed. The mesolimbic motor circuit and its role in neuropsychiatric disorders. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1993:329–349.

47. McCreadie RG, Hall DJ, Berry IJ, Robertson LJ, Ewing JI, Geals MF. The Nithsdale schizophrenia surveys. X: obstetric complications, family history and abnormal movements. Br J Psychiatry 1992;161:799–805.

48. McNeil TF. Obstetric factors and perinatal injuries. In: Tsuang MT, Simpson JC, eds. Nosology, Epidemiology and Genetics. New York: Elsevier Science Publishers; 1988:319–344. (Handbook of Schizophrenia, vol. 3).

49. Mednick SA, Cannon TD, Barr CE, Lyon M, eds. Fetal neural development and adult schizophrenia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1991.

50. Mednick SA, Machon RA, Huttunen MO, Bonett D. Adult schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to an influenza epidemic. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:189–192.

51. Mednick SA, Silverton L. High risk studies of the etiology of schizophrenia. In: Tsuang MT, Simpson JC, eds. Nosology, Epidemiology and Genetics of Schizophrenia. New York: Elsevier Science Publishers, 1988:543–562. (Handbook of Schizophrenia, vol. 3).

52. Murray RM, O'Callaghan E, Castle DJ, Lewis SW. A neurodevelopmental approach to the classification of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1992;18:319–332.

53. O'Callaghan E, Sham P, Takei N, Glover G, Murray RM. Schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to 1957 A2 influenza epidemic. Lancet 1991;337:1248–1250.

54. Onstad S, Skre I, Torgersen S, Kringlen E. Birthweight and obstetric complications in schizophrenic twins. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992;85:70–73.

55. Pakkenberg B. Post-mortem study of chronic schizophrenic brains. Br J Psychiatry 1987;151:744–752.

56. Parnas J, Schulsinger F, Teasdale TW, Schulsinger H, Feldman PM, Mednick SA. Perinatal complications and clinical outcome within the schizophrenia spectrum. Br J Psychiatry 1982;140:416–420.

57. Pollack M, Woerner MG, Goodman W, Greenberg IM. Childhood development patterns of hospitalized adult schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic patients and their siblings. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1966;36:510–517.

58. Pollin W, Stabeneau JR. Biological, psychological and historical differences in a series of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. In: Rosenthal D, Kety S, eds. The Transmission of Schizophrenia. New York: Pergamon Press; 1968:317–322.

59. Reveley AM, Reveley MA, Murray RM. Cerebral ventricular enlargement of non-genetic schizophrenia: A controlled twin study. Br J Psychiatry 1984;144:89–93.

60. Roberts GW, Colter N, Lofthouse R, Bogerts B, Zech M, Crow TJ. Gliosis in schizophrenia: a survey. Biol Psychiatry 1986;21:1043–1050.

61. Rossi A, Stratta P, Mattei P, et al. Planum temporale in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance study. Schizophr Res 1992;7:19–22.

62. Sham PC, O'Callaghan E, Takei N, Murray GK, Hare EH, Murray RM. Schizophrenia following prenatal exposure to influenza epidemics between 1939 and 1960. Br J Psychiatry 1992;160:461–466.

63. Shelton R, Weinberger DR. Brain morphology in schizophrenia. In: Meltzer H, Bunney W, Coyle J, David K, Schuster R, Shader R, Simpson G, eds. Psychopharmacology: the third generation of progress. New York: Raven Press; 1987:773–781.

64. Shenton ME, Kirkinis R, Jolesz FA, et al. Abnormalities of the left temporal lobe and thought disorder in schizophrenia. A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. N Engl J Med 1992;327:604–612.

65. Stevens JR. Abnormal reinnervation as a basis for schizophrenia: a hypothesis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:238–243.

66. Suddath RL, Christison GW, Torrey EF, Weinberger DR. Cerebral anatomical abnormalities in monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 1990;322:789–794.

67. Susser ES, Lin SP. Schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to the Dutch hunger winter of 1944–1945. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49: 983–988.

68. Torrey EF, Bowler AE, Taylor EH, Gottesman II. Schizophrenia and manic depression disorders: the biological roots of mental illness as revealed by a landmark study of identical twins. New York: Basic Books [in press]

69. Torrey EF, Rawlings R, Waldman IN. Schizophrenic births and viral diseases in two states. Schizophr Res 1988;1:73–77.

70. Walker E, Lewine RJ. Prediction of adult-onset schizophrenia from childhood home movies of the patients. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:1052–1056.

71. Weinberger DR. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:660–669.

72. Weinberger DR, Berman KF, Suddath R, Torrey EF. Evidence for dysfunction of a prefrontal-limbic network in schizophrenia: an MRI and rCBF study of discordant monozygotic twins. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:890–897.

73. Woerner MG, Pollack M, Klein DF. Pregnancy and birth complications in psychiatric patients: A comparison of schizophrenic and personality disorder patients with their siblings. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1973;49:712–721.

74. Zigun J, Weinberger DR. In vivo studies of brain morphology in patients with schizophrenia. In: Lindenmayer J-P, Kay SR, eds. New biological vistas on schizophrenia. New York: Brunner Mazel; 1992:57–81.