1. Amsterdam JD, Dunner DL, Fabre LF, Kiev A, Rush AJ, Goodman LI. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed dose trial of minaprine in patients with major depression. Pharmacopsychiatry 1989; 22:137–143.

2. Andersen PH. The dopamine uptake inhibitor GBR 12909: selectivity and molecular mechanism of action. Eur J Pharmacol 1989;166:493–504.

3. Anonymous. Ritanserin. Drugs Fut 1992;17:431–433.

4. Aulakh CS, Hill JL, Murphy DL. Attenuation of hypercortisolemia in Fawn-hooded rats by antidepressant drugs. Eur J Pharmacol 1993;240:85–88.

5. Baran L, Siwanowicz J, Nowak G, Przegalinski E. Captopril lacks the antidepressant-like activity in animal models. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 1991;43:265–270.

6. Bertorelli R, Amoroso D, Girotti P, Consolo S. Effect of tianeptine on the central cholinergic system: involvement of serotonin. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1992;345:276–281.

7. Biziere K, Worms P, Kan JP, Mandel P, Garattini S, Roncucci R. Minaprine, a new drug with antidepressant properties. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1985;11:831–840.

8. Blier P, de Montigny C. Differential effect of gepirone on presynaptic and postsynaptic serotonin receptors: single-cell recording studies. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990;10:13S–20S.

9. Blier P, Serrano A, Scatton B. Differential responsiveness of the rat dorsal and median raphe 5-HT systems to 5-HT1 receptor agonists and p-chloroamphetamine. Synapse 1990;5:120–133.

10. Boivin DB, Montplaisir J, Petit D, Lambert C, Lubin S. Effects of modafinil on symptomatology of human narcolepsy. Clin Neuropharmacol 1993;16:46–53.

11. Bolanos F, Fillion G. Minaprine antagonizes the serotonergic inhibitory effect of trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine (TFMPP) on acetylcholine release. Eur J Pharmacol 1989;168:87–92.

12. Brogden RM, Heel RC, Speight TM, Avery GS. Mianserin: a review of its pharmacologic properties and therapeutic efficacy in patients with depressive illness. Drugs 1978;16:273–301.

13. Caccia S, Conti I, Vigano G, Garattini S. 1-(2-Pyrimidinyl)piperazine an active metabolite of buspirone in man and rat. Pharmacology 1986;33:46–51.

14. Ceci A, Garattini S, Gobbi M, Mennini T. Effect of long term amineptine treatment on pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms in rat brain. Br J Pharmacol 1986;88:269–275.

15. Cesura AM, Pletscher A. The new generation of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Prog Drug Res 1992;38:171–297.

16. Chamba G, Lemoine P, Flachaire E, et al. Increased serotonin platelet uptake after tianeptine administration in depressed patients. Biol Psychiatry 1991;30:609–617.

17. Charney DS, Price LH, Heninger GR. Desipramine–yohimbine combination treatment for refractory depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;45:1155–1161.

18. Coccaro EF, Murphy DL. Serotonin in major psychiatric disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1990:255–258.

19. Cohen BM, Zubenko GS. Captopril in the treatment of recurrent major depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1988;8:143–144.

20. Colpaert FC, Raymaekers L. In vivo pharmacological activity of R 47 243 in rat: a comparison with putative a2-adrenoceptor antagonists. Drug Dev Res 1986;8:361–371.

21. Curzon G, Kennett GA, Sarna GS, Whitton PS. The effects of tianeptine and other antidepressants on a rat model of depression. Br J Psychiatry 1992;15:51–55.

22. Defrance D, Raharison S, Herve MA, Fondarai J, Betrancourt JC, Lubin S. Malades ages institutionnalises et Olmifon® (adrfinil(1): Determination d'un profil de "respondeurs" a loccasion d'un "effet centre" lors d'un essai controle versus placebo. Acta Med Int—Psychiatrie 1991;8:1815–1823.

23. Delaunay J, Meynard J, Elie JC. Medifoxamine 50, an antidepressant drug without atropine-like side effects. Ann Med Psychol 1982;140:148–156.

24. Dickinson SL. Alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonism and depression. Drug News Perspect 1990;4:197–203.

25. Dresse A, Scuvee-Moreau J. Electrophysiological effects of tianeptine on rat locus coeruleus, raphe dorsalis, and hippocampus activity. Clin Neuropharmacol 1988;11:S51–58.

26. Eison AS, Eison MS, Torrente JR, Wright RN, Yocca FD. Nefazodone: preclinical pharmacology of a new antidepressant. Psychopharmacol Bull 1990;26:311–315.

27. Fitton A, Faulds D, Goa KL. Moclobemide: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in depressive illness. Drugs 1992;43:561–596.

28. Fuller RW. Basic advances in serotonin pharmacology. J Clin Psychiatry 1992;53:36–45.

29. Garattini S, Forloni GL, Tirelli S, Ladinsky H, Consolo S. Neurochemical effects of minaprine, a novel psychotropic drug, on the central cholinergic system of the rat. Psychopharmacology 1984;82:210–214.

30. Garattini S, Mennini T. Pharmacology of amineptine: synthesis and updating. Clin Neuropharmacol 1989;12:S13–18.

31. Gruender G, Wetzel H, Hammes E, Benkert O. Roxindole, a dopamine autoreceptor agonist, in the treatment of major depression. Psychopharmacology 1993;111:123–126.

32. Guelfi JD, Pichot P, Dreyfus JF. Efficacy of tianeptine in anxious-depressed patients: results of a controlled multicenter trial versus amitriptyline. Neuropsychobiology 1989;22:41–48.

33. Hall IP. Isoenzyme selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors: potential clinical uses. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1993;35:1–7.

34. Halliday CA, Jones BJ, Skingle M, Walsh DM, Wise H, Tyers MB. The pharmacology of fluparoxan: a selective a2-adrenoceptor antagonist. Br J Pharmacol 1991;102:887–895.

35. Heller AH, Beneke M, Kuemmel B, Spencer D, Kurtz NM. Ipsapirone: evidence for efficacy in depression. Drug Lit 1990;26:219–222.

36. Hollister LE, Claghorn JL. New antidepressants. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1993;32:165–177.

37. Hoyer D. 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptors and effector coupling mechanisms in peripheral tissues. In: Fozard JR, ed. The peripheral actions of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1990:72–99.

38. Invernizzi R, Pozzi L, Garattini S, Samanin R. Tianeptine increases the extracellular concentrations of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens by a serotonin-independent mechanism. Neuropharmacology 1992;31:221–227.

39. Jenkins SW, Robinson DS, Fabre LF, Andary JJ, Messina MD, Reisch LN. Gepirone in the treatment of depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990;10:77S–85S.

40. Jimerson DC, Post RM. Psychomotor stimulants and dopamine agonists in depression. In: Post RM, Ballenger JD. eds. Neurobiology of mood disorders. Frontiers of clinical neuroscience. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1984:619–628.

41. Kan JP, Mouget-Goniot C, Worms P, Biziere K. Effect of the antidepressant minaprine on both forms of monoamine oxidase in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 1986;35:973–978.

42. Kostowski W, Dyr W, Pucilowski O. Activity of diltiazem and nifedipine in some animal models of depression. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 1990;42:121–127.

43. Kramer MS, Caputo K, De Johnson C, et al. Negative trial of nifedipine in depression. Biol Psychiatry 1988;24:958–959.

44. Labrid C, Mocaer E, Kamoun A. Neurochemical and pharmacological properties of tianeptine, a novel antidepressant. Br J Psychiatry 1992;160:56–60.

45. Lesch K-P, Aulakh CS, Wolozin BL, Murphy DL. Serotonin (5-HT) receptor, 5-HT transporter and G protein-effector expression: implications for depression. Pharmacol Toxicol 1992;71:49–60.

46. Levine J, Barak Y, Gonzalves M, Szor H, Elizur A. A double-blind controlled trial of inositol treatment of depression. Am J Psychiatry [in press].

47. Lipper S, Murphy DL, Slater S, Buchsbaum MS. Comparative behavioral effects of clorgyline and pargyline in man: a preliminary evaluation. Psychopharmacology 1979;62:123–128.

48. Litman RE, Hong WW, Weissman EM, Su T-P, Potter WZ, Pickar D. Idazoxan, an a2 antagonist, augments fluphenazine in schizophrenic patients: a pilot study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1993;13: 264–267.

49. Loo H, Deniker P. Position of tianeptine among antidepressive chemotherapy's. Clin Neuropharmacol 1988;11:S97–102.

50. Lovenberg TW, Baron BM, de Lecea L, et al. A novel adenylyl cyclase-activating serotonin receptor (5-HT7) implicated in the regulation of mammalian circadian rhythms. Neuron 1993;11:449–458.

51. Luscombe GP, Martin KF, Hutchins LJ, Grosen J, Heal DJ. Mediation of the antidepressant-like effect of 8-OH-DPAT in mice by postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors. Br J Pharmacol 1993;108:669–677.

52. Lyndon RW, Johnson G, McKeough G. Nifedipine-induced depression. Br J Psychiatry 1991;159:447–448.

53. Maj J, Rogoz Z, Skusa G, Sowinska H. Effects of MK-801 and antidepressant drugs in the forced swimming test in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1992;2:37–41.

54. Martin P, Massol J, Peuch AJ. Captopril as an antidepressant? Effects on the learned helplessness paradigm in rats. Biol Psychiatry 1990;27:968–974.

55. Miller HL, Delgado PL, Salomon RM, Licinio J, Barr LC, Charney DS. Acute tryptophan depletion: a method of studying antidepressant action. J Clin Psychiatry 1992;53:28–35.

56. Mizokawa T, Kimura K, Ikoma Y, et al. The effect of a selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, rolipram, on muricide in olfactory bulbectomized rats. Jap J Pharmacol 1988;48:357–364.

57. Monsma FJ Jr, Shen Y, Ward RP, Hamblin MW, Sibley DR. Cloning and expression of a novel serotonin receptor with high affinity for tricyclic psychotropic drugs. Mol Pharmacol 1993;43:320–327.

58. Murphy BEP, Dhar V, Ghadirian AM, Chouinard G, Keller R. Response to steroid suppression in major depression resistant to antidepressant therapy. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1991;11:121–126.

59. Murphy DL, Sunderland T. MAOIs in the neurodegenerative disorders. In: Kennedy SH, eds. Clinical advances in monoamine oxidase inhibitor therapies. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1993:293–305.

60. Nikulina EM, Skrinskaya JA, Popova NK. Role of genotype and dopamine receptors in behaviour of inbred mice in a forced swimming test. Psychopharmacology 1991;105:525–529.

61. Nowak G, Layer RT, Skolnick P, Paul IA. Adaptation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor following chronic antidepressants. J Neurochem 1993;61:S51.

62. Nowak G, Trullas R, Layer RT, Skolnick P, Paul IA. Adaptive changes in the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex after chronic treatment with imipramine and 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993;265:1380–1386.

63. O'Donnell JM. Antidepressant-like effects of rolipram and other inhibitors of cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase on behaviour maintained by differential reinforcement of low response rate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993;264:1168–1178.

64. Pinder RM. a2-Adrenoceptor antagonists as antidepressants. Drugs Fut 1985;10:841–857.

65. Pineyro G, Blier P, Dennis T, de Montigny C. Effect of the tricyclic drug tianeptine on 5-HT reuptake: electrophysiological and biochemical studies in the rat brain. Proceedings of the Canadian College of Neuropsychopharmacology 16th Annual Meeting. 1993:T20.

66. Potter WZ, Rudorfer MV, Manji H. The pharmacologic treatment of depression. Drug Ther 1991;325:633–642.

67. Potter WZ, Rudorfer MV, Manji HK. Potential new pharmacotherapies for refractory depression. In: Hales RE, eds. Psychiatry update: annual review. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1990:145–169.

68. Rampello L, Nicoletti G, Raffaele R. Dopaminergic hypothesis for retarded depression: a symptom profile for predicting therapeutical responses. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1991;84:552–554.

69. Robertson DW, Fuller RW. Progress in antidepressant drugs. Annu Rep Med Chem 1991;3:23–32.

70. Saleh S, Johnston A, Turner P. Absolute bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of medifoxamine in healthy humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1990;30:621–624.

71. Schreiber R, de Vry J. 5-HT1A receptor ligands in animal models of anxiety impulsivity and depression: multiple mechanisms of action? Prog. NeuroPsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1993;17:87–104.

72. Scott AIF, Perini AF, Shering PA, Whalley F. In-patient major depression: is rolipram as effective as amitriptyline? Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991;40:127–129.

73. Serra G, Collu M, D'Aquila PS, Gessa GL. Role of the mesolimbic dopamine system in the mechanism of action of antidepressants. Pharmacol Toxicol 1992;71:72–85.

74. Sharp T, McQuade R, Bramwell S, Hjorth S. Effect of acute and repeated administration of 5-HT1A receptor agonists on 5-HT release in rat brain in vivo. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 1993;348:339–346.

75. Simiand J, Keane PE, Guitard J, et al. Antidepressant profile in rodents of SR 58611A, a new selective agonist for atypical beta-adrenoceptors. Eur J Pharmacol 1992;219:193–201.

76. Standish-Barry HM, Bouras N, Bridges PK, Watson JP. A randomized double blind group comparative study of sulpiride and amitrip tyline in affective disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1983;81: 258–260.

77. Sunderland T, Cohen RM, Molchan S, et al. High dose selegiline in treatment-resistant older depressives. Arch Gen Psychiatry [in press].

78. Thiebot MH, Martin P, Puech AJ. Animal behavioral studies in the evaluation of antidepressant drugs. Br J Psychiatry 1992;15:44–50.

79. Tollefson GD, Lancaster SP, Montague-Clouse J. The association of buspirone and its metabolite 1-pyrimidinylpiperazine in the remission of comorbid anxiety with depressive features and alcohol dependency. Psychopharmacol Bull 1991;27:163–170.

80. Trullas R, Skolnick P. Functional antagonists at the NMDA receptor complex exhibit antidepressant actions. Eur J Pharmacol 1990; 185:1–10.

81. Vinar O, Klein DF, Potter WZ, Gause EM. A survey of psychotropic medications not available in the United States. Neuropsychopharmacology 1991;5:201–217.

82. Wachtel H, Schneider HH. Rolipram, a novel antidepressant drug, reverses the hypothermia and hypokinesia of monoamine-depleted mice by an action beyond postsynaptic monoamine receptors. Neuropharmacology 1986;25:1119–1126.

83. Waldmeier PC. Newer aspects of the reversible inhibitor of MAO-A and serotonin reuptake, brofaromine. Prog NeuroPsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1993;17:183–198.

84. Willner P. Animal models of depression. In: Willner P, ed. Behavioral models in psychopharmacology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1991:91.

85. Wolkowitz OM, Reus VI, Manfredi F, Ingbar J, Brizendine L, Weingartner H. Ketoconazole administration in hypercortisolemic depression. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:810–812.

86. Wong DT, Bymaster FP, Mayle DA, Reid LR, Krushinski JH, Robertson DW. LY248686, a new inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine uptake. Neuropsychopharmacology 1993;8:22–33.

87. Wong DT, Threlkeld PG, Robertson DW. Affinities of fluoxetine, its enantiomers, and other inhibitors of serotonin uptake for subtypes of serotonin receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 1991;5:43–47.

88. Yamamoto T, Yatsugi S-I, Ohno M, Furuya Y, Kitajima I, Ueki S. Minaprine improves impairment of working memory induced by scopolamine and cerebral ischemia in rats. Psychopharmacology 1990;100:316–322.

89. Yocca FD. Neurochemistry and neurophysiology of buspirone and gepirone: interactions at presynaptic and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990;10:6S–12S.