1. Andreoli A, Keller SE, Rabaeus M, Zaugg L, Garrone G, Taban C. Immunity, major depression, and panic disorder comorbidity. Biol Psychiatry 1992;31:896–908.

2. Belluardo N, Mudo G, Cella S, Bindoni M. Effect of cerebral hemisphere decortication on the cytotoxic activity of natural killer and natural cytotoxic lymphocytes in the mouse. Brain Res 1990;524: 297–302.

3. Bernton E, Meltzer M, Holaday JW. Suppression of macrophage activation and T-lymphocyte function in hypoprolactinemic mice. Science 1988;239:401–404.

4. Brown R, Li Z, Vriend CY, et al. Suppression of splenic macrophage interleukin-1 secretion following intracerebroventricular injection of interleukin-1b: evidence for pituitary–adrenal and sympathetic control. Cell Immunol 1991;132:84–93.

5. Bryant HU, Roudebush RE. Suppressive effects of morphine pellet implants on in vivo parameters of immune function. J Pharm Exp Ther 1990;255(2):410–414.

6. Carr DJJ, Gebhardt BM, Paul D. Alpha adrenergic and Mu-2 opioid receptors are involved in morphine-induced suppression of splenocyte natural killer activity. J Pharm Exp Ther 1993;264(3): 1179–1186.

7. Clodi M, Svoboda T, Kotzmann H, et al. Effect of elevated serum prolactin concentrations on cytokine production and natural killer cell activity. Neuroendocrinology 1992;56:775–779.

8. Coe CL, Rosenberg LT, Levine S. Immunological consequences of psychological disturbance and maternal loss in infancy. In: Rovee-Collier C, Lipsitt LP, eds. Advances in infancy research. Norwood, OH: Ablex Publishing; 1985:98–136.

9. Cohen S, Tyrrell DA, Smith AP. Psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold. New Engl J Med 1991;325(9):606–656.

10. Cohen S, Williamson G. Stress and infectious disease in humans. Psychol Bull 1991;109(1):5–24.

11. Cross RJ, Bryson JS, Roszman TL. Immunologic disparity in the hypopituitary dwarf mouse. J Immunol 1992;148(5):1347–1352.

12. Cross RJ, Roszman TL. Central catecholamine depletion impairs in vivo immunity but not in vitro lymphocyte activation. J Neuroimmunol 1988;19:33–45.

13. Cunnick JE, Lysle DT, Kucinski BJ, Rabin BS. Evidence that shock-induced immune suppression is mediated by adrenal hormones and peripheral b-adrenergic receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1990;36:645–651.

14. Cupps TR, Fauci AS. Corticosteroid-mediated immunoregulation in man. Immunol Rev 1982;65:133–155.

15. Darko D, Irwin M, Risch SC, Gillin JC. Plasma beta-endorphin and natural killer cell activity in patients with major depression. Psychiatry Res 1992;43:111–119.

16. Darko DF, Gillin JC, Risch SC, et al. Mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation and pituitary hormones in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 1989;26:145–155.

17. Darko DF, Wilson NW, Gillin JC, Golshan S. A critical appraisal of mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation in depressed patients. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148(3):337–344.

18. Evans DL, Folds JD, Petitto JM, et al. Circulating natural killer cell phenotypes in men and women with major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:388–395.

19. Farrar WL, Hill JM, Harel-Bellan A, Vinocour M. The immunological brain. Immunol Rev 1987;100:361–377.

20. Fawzy FI, Kemeny ME, Fawzy NW, et al. A structured psychiatric intervention for cancer patients. II. Changes over time in immunological measures. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47(8):729–735.

21. Felten DL, Felten SY, Bellinger DL, et al. Noradrenergic sympathetic neural interactions with the immune system: structure and function. Immunol Rev 1987;100:225–260.

22. Fiatarone MA, Morley JE, Bloom ET, Benton D, Solomon GF, Makinodan T. The effects of exercise on natural killer cell activity in young and old subjects. J Gerontol 1989;44:M37–M45.

23. Fischler B, Bocken R, DeWaele M, Thielemans K. Major depressive disorder, endogenicity and natural killer cell numbers and activity. Int J Neurosci 1990;51:357–358.

24. Flores CM, Hernandez MC, Hargreaves KM, Bayer BM. Restraint stress-induced elevations in plasma corticosterone and b-endorphin are not accompanied by alterations in immune function. J Neuroimmunol 1990;28:219–225.

25. Fox BH. Depressive symptoms and risk of cancer. JAMA 1989;262:1231–1231.

26. Glaser R, Kennedy S, Lafuse WP, et al. Psychological stressinduced modulation of interleukin-2 receptor gene expression and interleukin-2 production in peripheral blood leukocytes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:707–712.

27. Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Bonneau RH, Malarkey W, Kennedy S, Hughes J. Stress-induced modulation of the immune response to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Psychosom Med 1992;54:22–29.

28. Hartmann DP, Holaday JW, Bernton EW. Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by antibodies to prolactin. FASEB J 1989;3:2194–2202.

29. Heijnen CJ, Kavelaars AK, Ballieux RE. b-Endorphin: cytokine and neuropeptide. Immunol Rev 1991;119:41–63.

30. Hellstrand K, Hermodsson S. Role of serotonin in the regulation of human natural killer cell cytotoxicity. J Immunol 1987;139(3):869–875.

31. Herbert TB, Cohen S. Depression and immunity: a meta-analytic review. Psychosom Med 1993;55:364–379.

32. Hickie I, Hickie C, Lloyd A, Silove D, Wakefield D. Impaired in vivo immune responses in patients with melancholia. Br J Psychiatry 1993;162:751–757.

33. Irwin M. Brain corticotropin releasing hormone and interleukin-1b induced suppression of specific antibody production. Endocrinology 1993;133:1352–1360.

34. Irwin M, Brown M, Patterson T, Hauger R, Mascovich A, Grant I. Neuropeptide Y and natural killer cell activity: findings in depression and Alzheimer caregiver stress. FASEB J 1991;5:3100–3107.

35. Irwin M, Caldwell C, Smith TL, Brown S, Schuckit MA, Gillin JC. Major depressive disorder, alcoholism, and reduced natural killer cell cytotoxicity: role of severity of depressive symptoms and alcohol consumption. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:713–719.

36. Irwin M, Hauger RL, Jones L, Provencio M, Britton KT. Sympathetic nervous system mediates central corticotropin-releasing factor induced suppression of natural killer cytotoxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990;255(1):101–107.

37. Irwin M, Lacher U, Caldwell C. Depression and reduced natural killer cytotoxicity: a longitudinal study of depressed patients and control subjects. Psychol Med 1992;22:1045–1050.

38. Irwin M, Patterson T, Smith TL, et al. Reduction of immune function in life stress and depression. Biol Psychiatry 1990;270:22–30.

39. Irwin M, Smith TL, Gillin JC. Electroencephalographic sleep and natural killer activity in depressed patients and control subjects. Psychosom Med 1992;54:10–21.

40. Irwin M, Smith TL, Gillin JC. Reduced natural killer cytotoxicity in depressed patients. Life Sci 1987;41:2127–2133.

41. Irwin MR, Vale W, Rivier C. Central corticotropin releasing factor mediates the suppressive effect of stress on natural killer cytotoxicity. Endocrinology 1990;126(6):2837–2844.

42. Jain R, Zwickler D, Hollander CS, et al. Corticotropin-releasing factor modulates the immune response to stress in the rat. Endocrinology 1991;128:1329–1336.

43. Johnson HM, Downs MO, Pontzer CH, Blalock JE. Neuroendocrine peptide hormone regulation of immunity. Neuroimmunoendocrinol Chem Immunol [Basel] 1992;2:49–83.

44. Kang DH, Davidson RJ, Coe CL, Wheeler RE, Tamarken AJ. Frontal brain asymmetry and immune function. Behav Neurosci 1991;105(6):860–869.

45. Karalis K, Sano H, Redwine J, Listwak S, Wilder RL, Chrousos GP. Autocrine or paracrine inflammatory actions of corticotropin-releasing hormone in vivo. Science 1991;254:421–423.

46. Keller SE, Schleifer SJ, Liotta AS, Bond RN, Farhoody N, Stein M. Stress-induced alterations of immunity in hypophysectomized rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988;85:9297–9301.

47. Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Dura JR, Speicher CE, Trask OJ, Glaser R. Spousal caregivers of dementia victims: longitudinal changes in immunity and health. Psychosom Med 1991;53:345–362.

48. Kronfol Z, House JD. Depression, hypothalamic–pituitary adrenocortical activity and lymphocyte function. Psychopharmacol Bull 1985;21:476–478.

49. Kronfol Z, Hover JD, Silva J, et al. Depression, urinary free cortisol excretion, and lymphocyte function. Br J Psychiatry 1986;148: 70–73.

50. Kronfol Z, Nair M, Goodson J, Goel K, Haskett R, Schwartz S. Natural killer cell activity in depressive illness: a preliminary report. Biol Psychiatry 1989;26:753–756.

51. Krueger JM, Karnovsky ML. Sleep and the immune response. Ann NY Acad Sci 1987;496:510–516.

52. Laudenslager M, Capitanio JP, Reite M. Possible effects of early separation experiences on subsequent immune function in adult macaque monkeys. Am J Psychiatry 1985;142(7):862–864.

53. Lowy MT, Reder AT, Gormley GJ, Meltzer HY. Comparison of in vivo and in vitro glucocorticoid sensitivity in depression: relationship to the dexamethasone suppression test. Biol Psychiatry 1988; 24:619–630.

54. Maes M, Bosmans E, Suy E, Minner B, Raus J. Impaired lymphocyte stimulation by mitogens in severely depressed patients a complex interface with HPA axis hyperfunction, noradrenergic activity and the ageing process. Br J Psychiatry 1989;155:793–798.

55. Maes M, Bosmans E, Suy E, Vandervorst C, deJonckheere C, Raus J. Depression-related disturbances in mitogen-induced lymphocyte responses and interleukin-1b and soluble interleukin-2 receptor production. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1991;84:379–386.

56. Maier SF, Laudenslager ML. Inescapable shock, shock controllability, and mitogen stimulated lymphocyte proliferation. Brain Behav Immun 1988;2:87–91.

57. Miller AH, Asnis GM, Lackner C, Halbreich U, Norin AJ. Depression, natural killer cell activity, and cortisol secretion. Biol Psychiatry 1991;29:878–886.

58. Moldofsky H, Lue FA, Davidson JR, Gorczynski R. Effects of sleep deprivation on human immune function. FASEB J 1989;3:1972–1977.

59. Munck A, Guyre PM, Holbrook NJ. Physiological functions of glucocorticoids in stress and their relation to pharmacologic actions. Endocrine Rev 1984;5:25–44.

60. Murray DR, Irwin M, Rearden CA, Ziegler M, Motulsky H, Maisel AS. Sympathetic and immune interactions during dynamic exercise: mediation via a b2-adrenergic dependent mechanism. Circulation 1992;86:203–213.

61. Nair MPN, Schwartz SA, Wu K, Kronfol Z. Effect of neuropeptide Y on natural killer activity of normal human lymphocytes. Brain Behav Immun 1993;7:70–78.

62. Nerozzi D, Santoni A, Bersani G, et al. Reduced natural killer cell activity in major depression: neuroendocrine implications. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1989;14:295–302.

63. Palmblad J, Petrini B, Wasserman J, Akerstedt T. Lymphocyte and granulocyte reactions during sleep deprivation. Psychosom Med 1979;41(4):273–278.

64. Saperstein A, Brand H, Audhya T, et al. Interleukin 1b mediates stress-induced immunosuppression via corticotropin-releasing factor. Endocrinology 1992;30(1):152–158.

65. Schleifer SJ, Keller SE, Bond RN, Cohen J, Stein M. Major depressive disorder and immunity: role of age, sex, severity, and hospitalization. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989;46:81–87.

66. Schleifer SJ, Keller SE, Meyerson AT, Raskin MJ, Davis KL, Stein M. Depression and immunity: lymphocyte function in ambulatory depressed patients, hospitalized schizophrenic patients, and patients hospitalized for herniotheraphy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42: 129–133.

67. Schleifer S, Keller SE, Meyerson AT, Raskin MD, Davis KL, Stein M. Lymphocyte function in major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984;41:484–486.

68. Sibinga NES, Goldstein A. Opioid peptides and opioid receptors in cells of the immune system. Ann Rev Immunol 1988;6:219–249.

69. Singh VK. Stimulatory effect of corticotropin-releasing neurohormone on human lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin-2 receptor expression. J Neuroimmunol 1989;23:257–262.

70. Spiegel D, Bloom J, Kraemer HC, Gottheil E. The beneficial effect of psychosocial treatment on survival of metastatic breast cancer patients: a randomized prospective outcome study. Lancet 1989;10/14:888–891.

71. Stein M, Miller AH, Trestman RL. Depression, the immune system, and health and illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48:171–177.

72. Sternberg EM, Young WS III, Calogero AE, et al. A central nervous system defect in biosynthesis of corticotropin-releasing hormone is associated with susceptibility to streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis in Lewis rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86:4771–4775.

73. Sundar SK, Cierpial MA, Kilts C, Ritchie JC, Weiss JM. Brain IL-1-induced immunosuppression occurs through activation of both pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system by corticotropin-releasing factor. J Neurosci 1990;10(11):3701–3706.

74. Weber RJ, Pert A. The periaqueductal gray matter mediates opiate-induced immunosuppression. Science 1989;245:188–190.

75. Webster EL, Tracey DE, Jutila MA, Wolfe SAJr, DeSouza EB. Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in mouse spleen: identification of receptor-bearing cells as resident macrophages. Endocrinology 1990;127:440–452.

76. Weisse CS. Depression and immunocompetence: a review of the literature. Psychol Bull 1992;111(3):475–489.

77. Wodarz N, Rupprecht R, Kornhuber J, et al. Normal lymphocyte responsiveness to lectins but impaired sensitivity to in vitro glucocorticoids in major depression. J Affect Disord 1991;22:241–248.