Nitric Oxide and Related Substances as Neural Messengers
Solomon H. Snyder and Ted M. Dawson
S. H. Snyder
Departments of Neuroscience, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences,
and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland 21205.
T. M. Dawson
Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland 21287.
REFERENCES
1. Ahlner J, Andersson RGG, Torfgard K, Axelsson KL. Organic nitrate esters: clinical use and mechanisms of actions. Pharmacol Rev 1991;43:351423.
2. Bredt DS, Hwang PM, Snyder SH. Localization of nitric oxide synthase indicating a neural role for nitric oxide. Nature 1990; 347:768770.
3. Bredt DS, Snyder SH. Isolation of nitric oxide synthetase, a calmodulin-requiring enzyme. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87:682685.
4. Bredt DS, Snyder SH. Nitric oxide, a novel neuronal messenger. Neuron 1992;8:311.
5. Bredt DS, Snyder SH. Nitric oxide: a physiologic messenger molecule. Annu Rev Biochem 1994;[in press].
6. Brenneman DE, Westbrook GL, Fitzgerald SP, Ennist DL, Elkins KL, Ruff MR, Pert CB. Neuronal cell killing by the envelope protein of HIV and its prevention by vasoactive intestinal peptide. Nature 1988;335:639642.
7. Breslow MJ, Tobin JR, Bredt DS, Ferris CD, Snyder SH, Traystman RJ. Role of nitric oxide in adrenal medullary vasodilation during catecholamine secretion. Eur J Pharmacol 1992;87:682685.
8. Burnett AL, Lowenstein CJ, Bredt DS, Chang TSK, Snyder SH. Nitric oxide: a physiologic mediator of penile erection. Science 1992;257:401403.
9. Busconi L, Michel T. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase. N-terminal myristoylation determines subcellular localization. J Biol Chem 1993;268:84108413.
10. Cho HJ, XIE Q-W, Calaycay J, Mumford RA, Swiderek KM, Lee TD, Nathan C. Calmodulin as a tightly bound subunit of calcium-, calmodulin-independent nitric oxide synthase. J Exp Med 1992;176:599604.
11. Choi DW. Glutamate neurotoxicity and diseases of the nervous system. Neuron 1988;1:623634.
12. Cruse I, Maines MD. Evidence suggesting that the two forms of heme oxygenase are products of different genes. J Biol Chem 1988;263:33483353.
13. Dawson TM, Bredt DS, Fotuhi M, Hwang PM, Snyder SH. Nitric oxide synthase and neuronal NADPH diaphorase are identical in brain and peripheral tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:77977801.
14. Dawson TM, Hung K, Dawson VL, Steiner JP, Snyder SH. Neuroprotective effects of gangliosides may involve inhibition of nitric oxide synthase. Ann Neurol 1994;[in press].
15. Dawson TM, Snyder SH. Gases as biological messengers: nitric oxide and carbon monoxide in the brain. J Neurosci 1993{ewc MVIMG, MVIMAGE,!infinity.bmp} press.
16. Dawson TM, Steiner JP, Dawson VL, Dinerman JL, Uhl GR, Snyder SH. The immunosuppressant, FK506, enhances phosphorylation of nitric oxide synthase and protects against glutamate neurotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:98089812.
17. Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Bartley DA, Uhl GR, Snyder SH. Mechanisms of nitric oxide mediated neurotoxicity in primary brain cultures. J Neurosci 1993;13:26512661.
18. Dawson VL, Dawson TM, London ED, Bredt DS, Snyder SH. Nitric oxide mediates glutamate neurotoxicity in primary cortical culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:63686371.
19. Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Uhl GR, Snyder SH. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 coat protein neurotoxicity mediated by nitric oxide in primary cortical cultures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:32563259.
20. de Murcia G, Menissier-de Murcia J, Schreiber V. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase: molecular biological aspects. BioEssays 1991;13:455462.
21. Dreyer EB, Kaiser PK, Offermann JT, Lipton SA. HIV-1 coat protein neurotoxicity prevented by calcium channel antagonists. Science 1990;248:364367.
22. Ewing JF, Maines MD. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical localization of heme oxygenase-2 mRNA and protein in normal rat brain: differential distribution of isozyme 1 and 2 cell. Mol Cell Neurosci 1992;3:559570.
23. Furchgott RF, Zawadzki JV. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature 1980;288:373376.
24. Gaal JC, Smith KR, Pearson CK. Cellular euthanasia mediated by a nuclear enzyme: a central role for nuclear ADP-ribosylation in cellular metabolism. Trends Biol Sci 1987;12:129130.
25. Garthwaite J. Glutamate, nitric oxide and cellcell signalling in the nervous system. Trends Neurol Sci 1991;14:6067.
26. Garthwaite J, Charles SL, Chess-Williams R. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor release on activation of NMDA receptors suggests role as intercellular messenger in the brain. Nature 1988;336:385388.
27. Geller DA, Lowenstein CJ, Shapiro RA, Nussler AK, Di Silvio M, Wang SC, Nakayama DK, Simmons RL, Snyder SH, Biliar TR. Molecular cloning and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase from human hepatocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:34913495.
28. Glaum SR, Miller RJ. Zinc protoporphyrin-IX blocks the effects of metabotropic glutamate receptor activation in the rat nucleus tractus solitarii. Mol Pharmacol 1993;43:965969.
29. Gonzalez C, Almaraz L, Obeso A, Rigual R. Oxygen and acid chemoreception in the carotid body chemoreceptors. Trends Neurosci 1992;15:146153.
30. Higashi H, Omori A, Yamagata T. Calmodulin, a ganglioside-binding protein. Binding of gangliosides to calmodulin in the presence of calcium. J Biol Chem 1992;267:98319838.
31. Higashi H, Yamagata T. Mechanism for ganglioside-mediated modulation of a calmodulin-dependent enzyme. Modulation of calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity through binding of gangliosides to calmodulin and the enzyme. J Biol Chem 1992;267:98399843.
32. Hiki K, Hattori R, Kawai C, Yui Y. Purification of insoluble nitric oxide synthase from rat cerebellum. J Biochem 1993;111:556558.
33. Hirsch DB, Steiner JP, Dawson TM, Mammen A, Hayek E, Snyder SH. Neurotransmitter release regulated by nitric oxide in PC-12 cells and brain synaptosomes. Curr Biol 1993;3:749754.
34. Hope BT, Michael GJ, Knigge KM, Vincent SR. Neuronal NADPH diaphorase is a nitric oxide synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:28112814.
35. Ignarro LJ. Biosynthesis and metabolism of endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1990;30:535560.
36. Klausner RD, Rouault TA. A double life: cytosolic aconitase as a regulatory RNA binding protein. Mol Biol Cell 1993;4:15.
37. Koh J-Y, Peters S, Choi DW. Neurons containing NADPH-diaphorase are selectively resistant to quinolinate toxicity. Science 1986;234:7376.
38. Lei SZ, Pan ZH, Aggarwal SK, Chen HSV, Hartman J, Sucher NJ, Lipton SA. Effect on nitric oxide production on the redox modulatory site of the NMDA receptorchannel complex. Neuron 1992;8:10871099.
39. Lipton SA. Requirement for macrophages in neuronal injury induced by HIV envelope protein gp120. NeuroReport 1992;3:913915.
40. Lipton SA, Choi YB, Pan Z-H, Lei SZ, Vincent Chen H-S, Sucher NJ, Loscalzo J, Singel DJ, Stamler JS. A redox-based mechanism for the neuroprotective and neurodestructive effects of nitric oxide and related nitroso-compounds. Nature 1993;364:626632.
41. Lipton SA, Sucher NJ, Kaiser PK, Dreyer EB. Synergistic effects of HIV coat protein and NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity. Neuron 1991;7:111118.
42. Liu J, Farmer JD Jr, Lane WS, Friedman J, Weissman I, Schreiber SL. Calcineurin is a common target of cyclophilin-cyclosporin A and FKBP-FK506 complexes. Cell 1991;66:807815.
43. Lopez OL, Martinez AJ, Torre-Cisneros J. Neuropathologic findings in liver transplantation: a comparative study of cyclosporine and FK506. Transplant Proc 1991;23:31813182.
44. Lowenstein CJ, Alley EW, Raval P, Snowman AM, Snyder SH, Russell SW, Murphy WJ. Macrophage nitric oxide synthase gene: two upstream regions mediate induction by interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:97309734.
45. Lowenstein CJ, Snyder SH. Nitric oxide, a novel biologic messenger. Cell 1992;70:705707.
46. Mahadik Sahebarao P. Gangliosides: new generation of neuroprotective agents. In: Malangos PJ, Lal H, eds. Emerging strategics in neuroprotection. Boston: Birkhäuser, 1992;187223.
47. Marks GS, Brein JF, Nakatsu K, McLaughlin BE. Does carbon monoxide have a physiological function. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1991;12:185188.
48. Marletta MA. Nitric oxide: biosynthesis and biological significance. Trends Biochem Sci 1989;14:488492.
49. Marletta MA. Nitric oxide synthase structure and mechanism. J Biol Chem 1993;268:1223112234.
50. Meldrum B, Garthwaite J. Excitatory amino acid neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1990;11:379387.
51. Michel T, Li GK, Busconi L. Phosphorylation and subcellular translocation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:62526256.
52. Moncada S, Palmer RMJ, Higgs EA. Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 1991;43:109142.
53. Munro H. The ferritin genes: their response to iron status. Nutr Rev 1993;51:6573.
54. Nathan C. Nitric oxide as a secretory product of mammalian cells. FASEB J 1992;6:30513064.
55. Nozaki K, Moskowitz MA, Maynard KI, Koketsu N, Dawson TM, Bredt DS, Snyder SH. Possible origins and distribution of immunoreactive nitric oxide synthase-containing nerve fibers in rat and human cerebral arteries. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1993;13:7079.
56. Pollock JS, Forstermann U, Mitchell JA, Warner TD, Schmidt HHHW, Nakane M, Murad F. Purification and characterization of particulate endothelium-derived relaxing factor synthase from cultured and native bovine aortic endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:1048010484.
57. Prabhakar NR, Agani FH, Dinerman JL, Snyder SH. Endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) and carotid body sensory activity. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1993;19:1402.
58. Rajfer J, Aronson WJ, Bush PA, Dorey FJ, Ignarro LJ. Nitric oxide as a mediator of the corpus cavernosum in response to nonadrenergic noncholinergic transmission. N Engl J Med 1992;326:9094.
59. Sandberg K, Berry CJ, Eugster E, Rogers TB. A role for cGMP during tetanus toxin blockade of acetylcholine release in the rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell lines. J Neurosci 1989;9:39463954.
60. Sandberg K, Berry CJ, Rogers TB. Studies on the intoxication pathway of tetanus toxin in the rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cell line. J Biol Chem 1989;264:56795686.
61. Shiga Y, Onodera H, Matsuo Y, Kogure K. Cyclosporin A protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the brain. Brain Res 1992;595:145148.
62. Skaper SD, Leon A. Monosialogangliosides, neuroprotection, and neuronal repair processes. J Neurotrauma 1992;9:S506S516.
63. Stamler JS, Simon DI, Osborne JA, Mullins ME, Jaraki O, Michel T, Singel DJ, Loscalzo J. S-Nitrosylation of proteins with nitric oxide: synthesis and characterization of biologically active compounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:444448.
64. Steiner JP, Dawson TM, Fotuhi M, Glatt CE, Snowman AM, Cohen N, Snyder SH. High brain densities of the immunophilin FKBP colocalized with calcineurin. Nature 1992;358:584587.
65. Stevens CF, Wang Y. Reversal of long-term potentiation by inhibitors of haem oxygenase. Nature 1993;364:147148.
66. Sun Y, Rotenberg MO, Maines MD. Developmental expression of heme oxygenase isozymes in rat brain. Two HO-2 mRNAs are detected. J Biol Chem 1990;265:82128217.
67. Verma A, Hirsch DJ, Glatt CE, Ronnett GV, Snyder SH. Carbon monoxide, a putative neural messenger. Science 1993;259:381384.
68. Weiss G, Goossen B, Doppler W, Fuchs D, Pantopoulos K, Werner-Felmayer G, Wachter H, Hentze MW. Translational regulation via iron-responsive elements by the nitric oxide/NO-synthase pathway. EMBO J 1993;12:36513657.
69. Wink DA, Kasprzak KS, Maragos CM, Elespuru RK, Misra M, Dunams TM, Cebula TA, Koch WH, Andrews AW, Allen JS, Keefer LK. DNA deaminating ability and genotoxicity of nitric oxide and its progenitors. Science 1991;254:10011003.
70. Xie QW, Whisnant R, Nathan C. Promoter of the mouse gene encoding calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase confers inducibility by interferon gamma and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. J Exp Med 1993;177:17791784.
71. Zhang J, Dawson VL, Dawson TM, Snyder SH. Poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase activation by nitric oxide damaged DNA may mediate neurotoxicity. Science 1994;263:687689.
72. Zhang ZG, Chopp M, Zaloga C, Pollock JS, Forstermann U. Cerebral endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression after focal cerebral ischemia in rat. Stroke 1993;24:20162021.
73. Zhuo M, Small SA, Kandel ER, Hawkins RD. Nitric oxide and carbon monoxide produce activity-dependent long-term synaptic enhancement in hippocampus. Science 1993;260:19461950.
published 2000