TABLE 1. Modulators of SS secretion and gene expression a

Modulator

{ewc MVIMG, MVIMAGE,!uparrow.BMP}Secretion

{ewc MVIMG, MVIMAGE,!uparrow.BMP}SS mRNA

{ewc MVIMG, MVIMAGE,!dnarrow.BMP}Secretion

Dopamine (D2)

+ (Hb)

+ (H)

Acetylcholine

(muscarinic)

+ (H, cortex)

Glutamate (NMDA)

+ (H)

+ (cortex)

Quinolinic acid

+ (cortical culture, striatum-

low dose)

+ (cortical culture,

striatum-low dose)

- (striatum-high

dose)

GABA

- (H, cortex)

Norepinephrine

+ (H-a, amygdala-B)

Growth hormone

+ (H)

+ (H)

Thyroid hormone

(T3, T4)

+ (H, cortical culture-low

dose)

- (H, cortical

culture-

high dose)

Neurotensin

+ (H, cortex)

VIP

+ (cortex)

- (H)

CRF

+ (cortex)

Testosterone

+ (H)

+ (H)

Estradiol

+ (H)

+ (H)

Glucocorticoids

+ (cortex-low dose)

+ (cortex, H)

- (cortex-high dose)

Insulin

+ (H)

   

Bombesin

+ (H)

   

IL-1

+ (diencephalic culture)

+ (diencephalic

culture)

 

IL-6

+ (diencephalic culture)

+ (diencephalic

culture)

 

TNF

+ (diencephalic culture)

+ (diencephalic

culture)

 

IGF-1

+ (pituitary, H)

   

aSee text for references. For reviews see refs. (16, 35,38, and 44).

bH, hypothalamus.

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published 2000