TABLE 3. Major clinical evidence supporting noradrenergic contribution to the pathophysiology of Panic Disorder and PTSD .

Disorder

References

Potentiated cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolic, anxiogenic,

biochemical, and cardiovascular responses to yohimbine

Panic Disorder

PTSD

(15),(16),(18),(65),(75),(86)

Potentiated blood pressure and MHPG responses to clonidine

Panic Disorder

(18),(19),(46),(77)

Blunted growth hormone response to clonidine

Panic Disorder

(18),(19),(46),(77)

Increased basal urinary epinephrine and norepinephrine

PTSD

(12),(35),(87)

Decreased platelet alpha-2 adrenergic receptor binding

PTSD

(12)

Sympathetic system activation during traumatic reminders

PTSD

(12)

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published 2000