TABLE 1. The role of noradrenergic neuronal systems in anxiety and fear: the locus coeruleus

Neuroanatomy

 

Afferent pathways

Efferent pathways

Neurochemistry

Cortex

Cortex

Major norepinephrine containing nucleus in brain

Amygdala

Thalamus

Highly regulated by benzodiazepine, opiate,

Hippocampus

Amygdala

serotonin, CRH, NMDA, and ACH systems

Nucleus

Hypothalamus

 

Paragigantocellularis

Hippocampus

 

Nucleus

Cerebellum

 

Prepositus hypoglossi

Spinal Cord

 

Behavior

 

Stimulation

Lesions

Neuronal Activity

Clinical Implications

Fear Induced

Behaviors

Reduced fearful

Behavior

With Threat

Fear Conditioning

Chronic Stress

With reduced blood pressure

With elevated CO2

}With blood loss

The LC-norepinephrine system may help determine

whether, under threat, an individual directs

attention toward external, sensory stimuli or to

internal vegatative events. The system may be

important in facilitating the planning and

execution of behaviors important for survival.

   

With Distention of bladder,

colon, rectum

With hypoglycemia

The LC is a key component in the efferent arm of

the neural circuitry of anxiety. Abnormalities in

noradrenergic function hypothesized to be

involved with pathophysiology of Panic Disorder and PTSD

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published 2000