Modification of Central Catecholaminergic Systems by Stress and Injury
Functional Significance and Clinical Implications
E. D. Abercrombie
Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience
Rutgers University
Newark, New Jersey 07102.
M. J. Zigmond
Department of Behavioral Neuroscience
University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260.
REFERENCES
1. Abercrombie ED, Jacobs BL. Single-unit response of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus of freely moving cats. I. Acutely presented stressful and nonstressful stimuli. J Neurosci 1987;7:28372843.
2. Aston-Jones G, Bloom FE. Activity of norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats anticipates fluctuations in the sleepwaking cycle. J Neurosci 1981;1:876886.
3. Foote SL, Aston-Jones G, Bloom FE. Impulse activity of locus coeruleus neurons in awake rats and monkeys is a function of sensory stimulation and arousal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980;77:30333037.
4. Rasmussen K, Morilak DA, Jacobs BL. Single unit activity of locus coeruleus neurons in the freely moving cat. I. During naturalistic behaviors and in response to simple and complex stimuli. Brain Res 1986;371:324334.
5. Steinfels GF, Heym J, Strecker RE, Jacobs BL. Behavioral correlates of dopaminergic unit activity in freely moving cats. Brain Res 1983;258:217228.
6. Ljungberg T, Apicella P, Schultz W. Responses of monkey dopamine neurons to external stimuli: changes with learning. In: Bernardi G, Carpenter MB, DiChiara G, eds. Basal ganglia III. New York: Plenum Press, 1991;469476.
7. Steinfels GF, Heym J, Strecker RE, Jacobs BL. Response of dopaminergic neurons in cat to auditory stimuli presented across the sleepwaking cycle. Brain Res 1983;277:150154.
8. Strecker RE, Jacobs BL. Substantia nigra dopaminergic unit activity in behaving cats: effect of arousal on spontaneous discharge and sensory evoked activity. Brain Res 1985;361:339350.
9. Abercrombie ED, Keller RW, Zigmond MJ. Characterization of hippocampal norepinephrine release as measured by microdialysis perfusion: pharmacological and behavioral studies. Neuroscience 1988;27:897904.
10. Abercrombie ED, Keefe KA, DiFrischia DS, Zigmond MJ. Differential effect of stress on in vivo dopamine release in striatum, nucleus accumbens, and medial frontal cortex. J Neurochem 1989;52:16551658.
11. Church WH, Justice JB, Neill DB. Detecting behaviorally relevant changes in extracellular dopamine with microdialysis. Brain Res 1987;412:397399.
12. Dunn AJ, File SE. Cold restraint alters dopamine metabolism in frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and neostriatum. Physiol Behav 1983;31:511513.
13. Keefe KA, Stricker EM, Zigmond MJ, Abercrombie ED. Environmental stress increases extracellular dopamine in striatum of 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats: in vivo microdialysis studies. Brain Res 1990;527:350353.
14. Hu X-T, Wachtel SR, Galloway MP, White FJ. Lesions of the nigrostriatal dopamine projection increase the inhibitory effects of D1 and D2 dopamine agonists on caudate-putamen neurons and relieve D2 receptors from the necessity of D1 receptor stimulation. J Neurosci 1990;10:23182329.
15. Surmeier DJ, Eberwine J, Wilson CJ, Cao Y, Stefani A, Kitai ST. Dopamine receptor subtypes colocalize in rat striatonigral neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:1017810182.
16. Waterhouse BD, Sessler FM, Cheng J-T, Woodward DJ, Azizi SA, Moises HC. New evidence for a gating action of norepinephrine in central neuronal circuits of mammalian brain. Brain Res Bull 1988;21:425432.
17. Woodward DJ, Waterhouse BD, Hoffer BJ, Freedman R. Modulatory actions of norepinephrine in the central nervous system. Fed Proc 1979;38:21092116.
18. Foote SL, Bloom FE, Aston-Jones G. Nucleus locus ceruleus: new evidence of anatomical and physiological specificity. Physiol Rev 1983;63:844914.
19. Zigmond MJ, Stricker EM. Adaptive properties of monoaminergic neurons. In: Lajtha A, ed. Handbook of neurochemistry. Alterations of metabolites in the nervous system. New York: Plenum Press, 1985;87102.
20. Anisman H, Zacharko RM. Multiple neurochemical and behavioral consequences of stressors: implications for depression. Pharmacol Ther 1990;46:119136.
21. Stone EA. Stress and catecholamines. In: Friedhoff AJ, ed. Catecholamines and behavior, vol 2. New York: Plenum Press, 1975;3172.
22. Bliss E, Ailion J, Zwanziger J. Metabolism of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine in rat brain with stress. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1968;164:122134.
23. Kvetnansky R, Palkovits M, Mitro A, Torda T, Mikulaj L. Catecholamines in individual hypothalamic nuclei of acutely and repeatedly stressed rats. Neuroendocrinology 1977;23:257267.
24. Korf J, Aghajanian GK, Roth RH. Increased turnover of norepinephrine in the rat cerebral cortex during stress: role of the locus coeruleus. Neuropharmacology 1973;12:933938.
25. Thierry AM, Javoy J, Glowinski J, Kety SS. Effects of stress on the metabolism of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in the central nervous system of the rat. I. Modifications of norepinephrine turnover. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1968;163:163171.
26. Kalen P, Rosegren E, Lindvall O, Bjorklund A. Hippocampal noradrenaline and serotonin release over 24 hours as measured by the dialysis technique in freely moving rats: correlation to behavioural activity state, effect of handling and tail-pinch. Eur J Neurosci 1989;1:181188.
27. Ritter S, Ritter RC. Protection against stress-induced brain norepinephrine depletion after repeated 2-deoxy-D-glucose administration. Brain Res 1977;127:179184.
28. Zigmond MJ, Harvey JA. Resistance to central norepinephrine depletion and decreased mortality in rats chronically exposed to electric foot shock. J Neuro-Visc Rel 1970;31:373381.
29. Adell A, Garcia-Marquez C, Armario A, Gelpi E. Chronic stress increases serotonin and noradrenaline in rat brain and sensitizes their responses to a further acute stress. J Neurochem 1988;50:16781681.
30. Irwin J, Ahluwalia P, Zacharko RM, Anisman H. Central norepinephrine and plasma corticosterone following acute and chronic stressors: influence of social isolation and handling. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1986;24:11511154.
31. Roth KA, Mefford IM, Barchas JD. Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin: differential effects of acute and chronic stress on regional brain amines. Brain Res 1982;239:417424.
32. Morgenroth VH III, Boadle-Biber MC, Roth RH. Tyrosine hydroxylase: activation by nerve stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1974;71:42834287.
33. Salzman PM, Roth RH. Poststimulation catecholamine synthesis and tyrosine hydroxylase activation in central noradrenergic neurons. I. In vivo stimulation of the locus coeruleus. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1980;212:6473.
34. Acheson AL, Zigmond MJ. Short and long term changes in tyrosine hydroxylase activity in rat brain after subtotal destruction of central noradrenergic neurons. J Neurosci 1981;1:493504.
35. Iuvone PM, Dunn AJ. Tyrosine hydroxylase activation in mesocortical 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine neurons following footshock. J Neurochem 1986;47:837844.
36. Stone EA, Freedman LS, Morgano LE. Brain and adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase activity after chronic footshock stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1978;9:551553.
37. Chuang D, Costa E. Biosynthesis of tyrosine hydroxylase in rat adrenal medulla after exposure to cold. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1974;71:45704574.
38. Fluharty SJ, Snyder GL, Stricker EM, Zigmond MJ. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity and catecholamine biosynthesis in the adrenal medulla of rats during stress. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1985;233:3238.
39. Thoenen H. Induction of tyrosine hydroxylase in peripheral and central adrenergic neurones by cold-exposure of rats. Nature 1970;228:861862.
40. Nisenbaum LK, Abercrombie ED. Enhanced tyrosine hydroxylation in hippocampus of chronically stressed rats upon exposure to a novel stressor. J Neurochem 1992;58:276281.
41. Nisenbaum LK, Zigmond MJ, Sved AF, Abercrombie ED. Prior exposure to chronic stress results in enhanced synthesis and release of hippocampal norepinephrine in response to a novel stressor. J Neurosci 1991;11:14781484.
42. Richard F, Faucon-Biguet N, Labautu R, Rollet D, Mallet J, Buda M. Modulation of tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in rat brain and adrenals by exposure to cold. J Neurosci Res 1988;20:3237.
43. Zigmond RE, Schon F, Iversen LL. Increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the locus coeruleus of rat brain stem after reserpine treatment and cold stress. Brain Res 1974;70:547552.
44. Westerink BHC, DeVries JB, Duran R. The use of microdialysis for monitoring tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the brain of conscious rats. J Neurochem 1990;54:381387.
45. Carlsson A, Davis JN, Kehr W, Lindqvist M, Atack CV. Simultaneous measurement of tyrosine and tryptophan activities in brain in vivo using an inhibitor of the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1972;275:153168.
46. Kalivas PW, Duffy P. Similar effects of daily cocaine and stress on mesocorticolimbic dopamine neurotransmission in the rat. Biol Psychiatry 1989;25:913928.
47. Kalivas PW, Stewart J. Dopamine transmission in the initiation and expression of drug- and stress-induced sensitization of motor activity. Brain Res Rev 1991;16:223244.
48. Robinson TE, Becker JB. Enduring changes in brain and behavior produced by chronic amphetamine administration: a review and evaluation of animal models of amphetamine psychosis. Brain Res Rev 1986;11:157198.
49. Agid Y, Javoy F, Glowinski J. Hyperactivity of remaining dopaminergic neurons after partial destruction of the nigro-striatal dopaminergic system in the rat. Nature 1973;245:150151.
50. Bernheimer H, Birkmayer W, Hornykiewicz O, Jellinger K, Seitelberger F. Brain dopamine and the syndromes of Parkinson and Huntington: clinical, morphological and neurochemical correlations. J Neurol Sci 1973;20:415455.
51. Hefti F, Melamed E, Wurtman RJ. Partial lesions of the nigrostriatal system in rat brain: biochemical characterization. Brain Res 1980;195:123137.
52. Zigmond MJ, Acheson AL, Stachowiak MK, Stricker EM. Neurochemical compensation after nigrostriatal bundle injury in an animal model of preclinical parkinsonism. Arch Neurol 1984;41:856861.
53. Altar CA, Marien MR, Marshall JF. Time course of adaptations in dopamine biosynthesis, metabolism, and release following nigrostriatal lesions: implications for behavioral recovery from brain injury. J Neurochem 1987;48:390399.
54. Stachowiak MK, Keller RW, Stricker EM, Zigmond MJ. Increased dopamine efflux from striatal slices during development and after nigrostriatal bundle damage. J Neurosci 1987;7:16481654.
55. Zigmond MJ, Abercrombie ED, Berger TW, Grace AA, Stricker EM. Compensations after nigrostriatal bundle injury: some clinical and basic implications. Trends Neurosci 1990;13:290296.
56. Abercrombie ED, Bonatz AE, Zigmond MJ. Effects of L-DOPA on extracellular dopamine in striatum of normal and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. Brain Res 1990;525:3644.
57. Altar CA, Marien MR. Preservation of dopamine release in the denervated striatum. Neurosci Lett 1989;96:329334.
58. Robinson TE, Whishaw IQ. Normalization of extracellular dopamine in striatum following recovery from a partial unilateral 6-OHDA lesion of the substantia nigra: a microdialysis study in freely moving rats. Brain Res 1988;450:209224.
59. Marshall JF, Berrios N, Sawyer S. Neostriatal dopamine and sensory inattention. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1980;94:833846.
60. Ungerstedt U. 6-Hydroxydopamine induced degeneration of central monoamine neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 1968;5:107110.
61. Abercrombie ED, Zigmond MJ. Partial injury to central noradrenergic neurons: reduction of tissue norepinephrine content is greater than reduction of extracellular norepinephrine measured by microdialysis. J Neurosci 1989;9:40624067.
62. Bjorklund A, Wiklund L. Mechanisms of regrowth of the bulbospinal serotonin system following 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine induced axotomy. I. Biochemical correlates. Brain Res 1980;191:109127.
63. Fluharty SJ, Rabow LE, Zigmond MJ, Stricker EM. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the sympathoadrenal system under basal and stressful conditions: effect of 6-hydroxydopamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1985;235:354360.
64. Mueller RA, Thoenen H, Axelrod J. Adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase: compensatory increase after chemical sympathectomy. Science 1969;163:468469.
65. Stachowiak MK, Stricker EM, Jacoby JH, Zigmond MJ. Increased tryptophan hydroxylase activity in serotonergic nerve terminals spared by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine. Biochem Pharmacol 1986; 35:12411248.
66. Melia KR, Rasmussen K, Terwilliger RZ, Haycock JW, Nestler EJ, Duman RS. Coordinate regulation of the cyclic AMP system with firing rate and expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat locus coeruleus: effects of chronic stress and drug treatments. J Neurochem 1992;58:494502.
67. Nestler EJ, McMahon A, Sabban EL, Tallman JF, Duman RS. Chronic antidepressant administration decreases the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat locus coeruleus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990;87:75227526.
68. Hornykiewicz O, Kish SJ. Biochemical pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Adv Neurol 1987;45:1934.
69. Date I, Felten DL, Felten SY. Long-term effect of MPTP in the mouse brain in relation to aging: neurochemical and immunocytochemical analysis. Brain Res 1990;519:266276.
70. Finch CE, Randall PK, Marshall JF. Aging and basal ganglia function. In: Eisdorfer C, ed. Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics. New York: Springer, 1981;4987.
71. Marshall JF, Rosenstein AJ. Age-related decline in rat striatal dopamine metabolism is regionally homogeneous. Neurobiol Aging 1990;11:131137.
72. Nishi K, Kondo T, Narabayashi H. Difference in recovery patterns of striatal dopamine content, tyrosine hydroxylase activity and total biopterin content after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) administration: a comparison of young and older mice. Brain Res 1989;489:157162.
published 2000